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Bridging National and International Legal Data: Two Projects Based on the Japanese Legal Standard XML Schema for Comparative Law Studies
Makoto Nakamura
Intelligence
Status: succeeded | Model: Gemma-4-26B-A4B | Prompt: intel-v1 | Confidence: 93%
Last extracted: 7/13/2026, 3:33:23 AM
Summary
The paper presents an integrated framework for computational comparative law utilizing the Japanese Legal Standard (JLS) XML schema. It details two projects: first, a conversion pipeline from JLS to Akoma Ntoso (AKN) for structural interoperability with international LegalDocML databases; second, the application of multilingual embedding models and semantic textual similarity to identify corresponding legal provisions across jurisdictions, visualized via cross-jurisdictional networks.
Entities (6)
Relation Signals (5)
Japanese Legal Standard → convertedto → Akoma Ntoso
confidence 95% · developing a conversion pipeline from JLS to the Akoma Ntoso (AKN) standard
Prototype System → uses → FAISS
confidence 92% · A prototype system combining multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking
Japanese Legal Standard → usedin → computational comparative law
confidence 90% · This paper presents an integrated framework for computational comparative law by connecting two consecutive research projects based on the Japanese Legal Standard (JLS) XML schema.
Prototype System → uses → Cross-Encoder
confidence 90% · A prototype system combining multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking
Prototype System → generates → cross-jurisdictional networks
confidence 88% · generates candidate correspondences and visualizes them as cross-jurisdictional networks
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Abstract
Abstract:This paper presents an integrated framework for computational comparative law by connecting two consecutive research projects based on the Japanese Legal Standard (JLS) XML schema. The first project establishes structural interoperability by developing a conversion pipeline from JLS to the Akoma Ntoso (AKN) standard, enabling Japanese statutes to be integrated into international LegalDocML-based legislative databases. Building on this foundation, the second project applies multilingual embedding models and semantic textual similarity techniques to identify corresponding provisions across national legal systems. A prototype system combining multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking generates candidate correspondences and visualizes them as cross-jurisdictional networks for exploratory comparative analysis.
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- Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15094v1
- Canonical: https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.15094v1
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Skip to main content arXiv is now an independent nonprofit! Learn more × Search Submit Donate Log in Search arXiv Press Enter to search · Advanced search Computer Science > Computation and Language arXiv:2603.15094v1 (cs) [Submitted on 16 Mar 2026] Title:Bridging National and International Legal Data: Two Projects Based on the Japanese Legal Standard XML Schema for Comparative Law Studies Authors:Makoto Nakamura View a PDF of the paper titled Bridging National and International Legal Data: Two Projects Based on the Japanese Legal Standard XML Schema for Comparative Law Studies, by Makoto Nakamura View PDF Abstract:This paper presents an integrated framework for computational comparative law by connecting two consecutive research projects based on the Japanese Legal Standard (JLS) XML schema. The first project establishes structural interoperability by developing a conversion pipeline from JLS to the Akoma Ntoso (AKN) standard, enabling Japanese statutes to be integrated into international LegalDocML-based legislative databases. Building on this foundation, the second project applies multilingual embedding models and semantic textual similarity techniques to identify corresponding provisions across national legal systems. A prototype system combining multilingual embeddings, FAISS retrieval, and Cross-Encoder reranking generates candidate correspondences and visualizes them as cross-jurisdictional networks for exploratory comparative analysis. Comments: 21 pages, 5 figures Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2603.15094 [cs.CL] (or arXiv:2603.15094v1 [cs.CL] for this version) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.15094 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Makoto Nakamura [view email] [v1] Mon, 16 Mar 2026 10:48:01 UTC (6,932 KB) Full-text links: Access Paper: View a PDF of the paper titled Bridging National and International Legal Data: Two Projects Based on the Japanese Legal Standard XML Schema for Comparative Law Studies, by Makoto NakamuraView PDF view license Current browse context: cs.CL < prev | next > new | recent | 2026-03 Change to browse by: cs cs.AI References & Citations NASA ADSGoogle Scholar Semantic Scholar export BibTeX citation Loading... BibTeX formatted citation × loading... Data provided by: Bookmark Bibliographic Tools Bibliographic and Citation Tools Bibliographic Explorer Toggle Bibliographic Explorer (What is the Explorer?) Connected Papers Toggle Connected Papers (What is Connected Papers?) Litmaps Toggle Litmaps (What is Litmaps?) scite.ai Toggle scite Smart Citations (What are Smart Citations?) Code, Data, Media Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article alphaXiv Toggle alphaXiv (What is alphaXiv?) Links to Code Toggle CatalyzeX Code Finder for Papers (What is CatalyzeX?) DagsHub Toggle DagsHub (What is DagsHub?) GotitPub Toggle Gotit.pub (What is GotitPub?) Huggingface Toggle Hugging Face (What is Huggingface?) ScienceCast Toggle ScienceCast (What is ScienceCast?) Demos Demos Replicate Toggle Replicate (What is Replicate?) Spaces Toggle Hugging Face Spaces (What is Spaces?) Spaces Toggle TXYZ.AI (What is TXYZ.AI?) Related Papers Recommenders and Search Tools Link to Influence Flower Influence Flower (What are Influence Flowers?) Core recommender toggle CORE Recommender (What is CORE?) Author Venue Institution Topic About arXivLabs arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Which authors of this paper are endorsers? | Disable MathJax (What is MathJax?) mathjaxToggle(); We gratefully acknowledge support from our major funders, member institutions, , and all contributors. About · Help · Contact · Subscribe · Copyright · Privacy · Accessibility · Operational Status (opens in new tab) Major funding support from