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Improving Activation Steering in Language Models with Mean-Centring

Ole Jorgensen, Dylan Cope, Nandi Schoots, Murray Shanahan

Year: 2023Venue: arXiv preprintArea: Representation AnalysisType: EmpiricalEmbeddings: 75

Models: GPT-2 Large, GPT-2 Medium, GPT-2 Small, GPT-2 XL, GPT-J-6B, GPT-NeoX-20B, Llama-2-13B, Llama-2-7B

Intelligence

Status: succeeded | Model: google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview | Prompt: intel-v1 | Confidence: 94%

Last extracted: 3/12/2026, 8:02:06 PM

Summary

The paper introduces 'mean-centring' as a technique to improve activation steering in Large Language Models (LLMs). By subtracting the mean of all training activations from the average activations of a target dataset, the authors derive more effective steering vectors. This method is shown to be superior to non-centred approaches in reducing toxicity, steering story genres, and extracting function vectors for various natural language tasks across multiple model architectures.

Entities (5)

Activation Steering · technique · 100%Mean-centring · method · 100%GPT-2 · language-model · 95%LLaMA 2 · language-model · 95%Linear Representation Hypothesis · theory · 90%

Relation Signals (3)

Mean-centring → improves → Activation Steering

confidence 95% · This suggests that mean-centring can be used to easily improve the effectiveness of activation steering in a wide range of contexts.

Mean-centring → reduces → Toxicity

confidence 95% · In this section we demonstrate the efficacy of mean-centring in reducing the toxicity of language models.

Mean-centring → appliedto → GPT-2

confidence 90% · We perform experiments on GPT-2 Small, Medium, Large and XL

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Abstract

Abstract:Recent work in activation steering has demonstrated the potential to better control the outputs of Large Language Models (LLMs), but it involves finding steering vectors. This is difficult because engineers do not typically know how features are represented in these models. We seek to address this issue by applying the idea of mean-centring to steering vectors. We find that taking the average of activations associated with a target dataset, and then subtracting the mean of all training activations, results in effective steering vectors. We test this method on a variety of models on natural language tasks by steering away from generating toxic text, and steering the completion of a story towards a target genre. We also apply mean-centring to extract function vectors, more effectively triggering the execution of a range of natural language tasks by a significant margin (compared to previous baselines). This suggests that mean-centring can be used to easily improve the effectiveness of activation steering in a wide range of contexts.

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Improving Activation Steering in Language Models with Mean-Centring Ole Jorgensen1111ojorgensen1417@gmail.com Dylan Cope1,2 Nandi Schoots1,2 Murray Shanahan1 1Imperial College London 2King’s College London Abstract Recent work in activation steering has demonstrated the potential to better control the outputs of Large Language Models (LLMs), but it involves finding steering vectors. This is difficult because engineers do not typically know how features are represented in these models. We seek to address this issue by applying the idea of mean-centring to steering vectors. We find that taking the average of activations associated with a target dataset, and then subtracting the mean of all training activations, results in effective steering vectors. We test this method on a variety of models on natural language tasks by steering away from generating toxic text, and steering the completion of a story towards a target genre. We also apply mean-centring to extract function vectors, more effectively triggering the execution of a range of natural language tasks by a significant margin (compared to previous baselines). This suggests that mean-centring can be used to easily improve the effectiveness of activation steering in a wide range of contexts. 1 Introduction Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable over the past few years across a diverse range of tasks (Peters et al. 2018; Radford et al. 2019; OpenAI 2023). However, in part due to a lack of understanding of how these capabilities are implemented, we are unable to address issues such as social biases (Abid, Farooqi, and Zou 2021). Some approaches to mitigating these issues modify the weights of the LLM (Ilharco et al. 2023; Meng et al. 2022), but these techniques either require fine-tuning or have only been applied to editing factual associations encoded in the model. A recent approach to controlling LLMs is activation steering (Turner et al. 2023; Li et al. 2023; Subramani, Suresh, and Peters 2022), or similarly representation engineering (Zou et al. 2023). Activation steering aims to extract features from language models to better control their outputs. It typically does this by making inference-time modifications to some activations of the model. In this work, we apply activation steering to incorporate some behaviour exhibited by an arbitrary dataset D into the output of a language model. This introduces a simple pipeline for modifying language model behaviour, which current activation steering methods do not allow for in full generality. They either require the identification of an opposite behaviour (Counterbalanced Subtractions in Turner et al. (2023)), succinctly describing the pertinent behaviour of the dataset (LAT Scans in Zou et al. (2023)), or are computationally expensive (training a sparse autoencoder on language model activations (Cunningham et al. 2023; Bricken et al. 2023)). Fantasy Sci-fi Sports enchanted humankind exhilar mystical humanity victorious magical mankind triumph awakened millennia cheering sorce interstellar triumphant (a) Using Mean-Centring Fantasy Sci-fi Sports unthinkable unthinkable unthinkable enormous enormous enormous massive massive massive immense immense immense fateful fateful fateful (b) Not Mean-Centring Table 1: Using datasets of stories with different genres (Section 4.2) we extract vectors with and without mean-centring (ff and μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢tsubscript _targetμitalic_t a r g e t in Figure 1) at layer 29292929 of GPT-2 XL. These tables show the top-5555 tokens ranked by the inner product between the token and extracted vector, as developed by nostalgebrist (2020). Mean-centring greatly improves the relevance of the tokens to the genre, demonstrating that the method finds distillation vectors that effectively capture the key concept for a target dataset. Our paper aims to address these issues by applying a simple processing technique to steering vectors, in the spirit of similar work in word representations (Mu and Viswanath 2018). Our technique, which we call mean-centring, successfully incorporates properties of datasets into the outputs of LLMs, whilst maintaining coherence. This provides a simple method for changing model behaviour using only a dataset, making it easier to apply activation steering in a wider range of contexts. In summary: • In Section 3 we introduce mean-centring as a method for creating better steering vectors. • In Section 4.1 we demonstrate the efficacy of mean-centring by controlling a language model to generate non-toxic continuations of toxic comments. • In Section 4.2 we show that mean-centring increases the range of tasks for which steering can be applied as compared to methods that require a counterbalancing concept. We demonstrate the efficacy of mean-centring by influencing the genres of stories as they are generated. • In Section 4.3 we demonstrate the efficacy of mean-centring by extracting more effective function vectors, compared to non mean-centred approaches. This leads to significant improvements in accuracy over previous baselines. Figure 1: An example of mean-centring illustrated on a set of highly anisotropic activations (i.e. offset from the origin). When steering, we want to use the vector ff which generates some target behaviour. We compute this by averaging activations from a dataset exhibiting this behaviour, μtargetsubscripttarget _targetμtarget and subtracting the mean across all training examples bb. 2 Related Work (a) Changes in mean positive sentiment of generated text with each word generated for the different methods (with 95% CI bands). (b) Negative toxicity log-probabilities for the different steering methods (higher means less toxic), showing toxicity reductions for mean-centred steering and ActAdd (Turner et al. 2023). Figure 2: Results from Toxicity Removal Experiments 2.1 Linear Representation Hypothesis The linear representation hypothesis (Elhage et al. 2022) proposes that many human-interpretable high-level concepts are represented linearly as directions in the residual stream of language models. There is significant evidence for the linear structure of neural network representations, including linear operations on Word2Vec embeddings capturing semantic meaning (Mikolov, Yih, and Zweig 2013). There is strong evidence in the context of language models specifically, due to the success of linear probes and edits locating information within models (Meng et al. 2022; Nanda, Lee, and Wattenberg 2023; Gurnee and Tegmark 2023). Recent advances in learning the representations of concepts in language models using sparse auto-encoders provides substantial further evidence for this hypothesis (Cunningham et al. 2023; Bricken et al. 2023). This suggests that if we find the right vector to represent a concept, then we can steer any residual stream activation into the direction of that concept by simply adding that vector to the activation (Zou et al. 2023). 2.2 Activation Steering There have been recent efforts to control the outputs of language models through activation steering, i.e. adding vectors into the activations of a model at inference time. The general aim of activation steering is to introduce some property into the output of a model by identifying some steering vector ff and adding it to some layer(s) of the forward pass of a model, at some token position(s). This has been applied to incorporating features such as how “loving” a text is (Turner et al. 2023), functions such as reciting the capital of a country (Todd et al. 2023), and improving the truthfulness of text (Li et al. 2023). In this paper we will always add a steering vector f to the final token position, and at a single layer. 2.3 Anisotropy An alternative way of understanding the activations of language models comes from analysing their geometric structure. Multiple works have demonstrated the anisotropy of the activations of language models (Ethayarajh 2019; Cai et al. 2021). Anisotropic activations are not distributed uniformly around the zero point in activation space, but instead are offset in a consistent direction. A similar phenomena was also identified in classical word representations in NLP such as word2vec (Mikolov, Yih, and Zweig 2013) and GLoVE (Pennington, Socher, and Manning 2014). Mu and Viswanath (2018) improve downstream performance on these word representations by subtracting the mean, and then projecting on the dominant remaining directions. This directly inspires our own method of mean-centring. 3 Mean-Centred Activation Steering Algorithm 1 Mean-Centred Activation Steering Input: M = language model p = user prompt trainingsubscripttrainingD_trainingDtraining = training dataset sample targetsubscripttargetD_targetDtarget = target dataset SteeringMethod = Method used to steer language model Output: S = steered output text 1: M.f⁢o⁢r⁢w⁢a⁢r⁢d⁢(target)formulae-sequencesubscripttargetM.forward(D_ target)M . f o r w a r d ( Dtarget ) 2: μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢t=Mean(M.activations) _target=Mean(M.activations)μitalic_t a r g e t = Mean ( M . a c t i v a t i o n s ) 3: M.f⁢o⁢r⁢w⁢a⁢r⁢d⁢(training)formulae-sequencesubscripttrainingM.forward(D_ training)M . f o r w a r d ( Dtraining ) 4: μt⁢r⁢a⁢i⁢n⁢i⁢n⁢g=Mean(M.activations) _training=Mean(M.activations)μitalic_t r a i n i n g = Mean ( M . a c t i v a t i o n s ) 5: ←μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢t−μt⁢r⁢a⁢i⁢n⁢i⁢n⁢g←subscriptsubscriptv← _target- _trainingv ← μitalic_t a r g e t - μitalic_t r a i n i n g 6: S←absentS ← SteeringMethod(M,p,vv) The method that we propose aims to get an LLM to exhibit behaviours that are not well-defined, but that can be captured by a dataset of examples that demonstrate the behaviour. Therefore, in our method we use a target dataset made of examples of a target behaviour to extract a distillation vector that can be used to get an LLM to generate the target behaviour. Let 1,…,nsubscript1…subscriptx_1,…,x_nx1 , … , xitalic_n be the residual stream activations at some layer l across all token positions of an LLM when performing inference on a target dataset targetsubscripttargetD_targetDtarget of exemplary behaviour. From the set of activations 1,…,nsubscript1…subscriptx_1,…,x_nx1 , … , xitalic_n we want to extract a distillation vector ff. Previous work (Cai et al. 2021) has demonstrated that the activations of GPT-2 Small and BERT activations typically have a non-zero mean (Section 2.3), across all layers. In Appendix A we replicate these findings for a range of open source language models. This means that we might decompose the activations isubscriptx_ixitalic_i as i=αi⁢++i,subscriptsubscriptsubscriptx_i= _if+b+v_i,xitalic_i = αitalic_i f + b + vitalic_i , (1) where ff is the representation of the behaviour displayed in the dataset targetsubscripttargetD_targetDtarget, bb is the bias vector applied to all activations in the language model, and isubscriptv_ivitalic_i is a noise vector encoding information about behaviour not shared by the other datapoints in targetsubscripttargetD_targetDtarget. The mean of these activations can now be described μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢t:=1n⁢∑i=1nαi⁢+1n⁢∑i=1ni+.assignsubscript1superscriptsubscript1subscript1superscriptsubscript1subscript _target:= 1n _i=1^n _if+ 1n _i% =1^nv_i+b.μitalic_t a r g e t := divide start_ARG 1 end_ARG start_ARG n end_ARG ∑i = 1n αitalic_i f + divide start_ARG 1 end_ARG start_ARG n end_ARG ∑i = 1n vitalic_i + b . (2) If we assume that the noise vectors, isubscriptv_ivitalic_i, are distributed independently about the ∈ℝdmodel0superscriptℝsubscriptmodel0 ^d_model0 ∈ blackboard_Rdmodel vector, then by the law of large numbers the mean of all activations isubscriptx_ixitalic_i becomes μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢t→α⁢+ as n→∞.formulae-sequence→subscript as → _target→ +b 14.22636pt as % 14.22636ptn→∞.μitalic_t a r g e t → α f + b as n → ∞ . (3) Steering with μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢tsubscript _targetμitalic_t a r g e t directly might be sub-optimal, since the bias vector bb in Equation 3 has significant magnitude and does not encode any information specific to the dataset targetsubscripttargetD_targetDtarget. We demonstrate its ineffectiveness empirically in Section 4. Instead, we remove the bias vector bb from μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢tsubscript _targetμitalic_t a r g e t. Assuming that averaging activations 1′,…,n′subscriptsuperscript′1…subscriptsuperscript′x _1,…,x _n x′1 , … , x′italic_n′ of samples of the training distribution, trainingsubscripttrainingD_trainingDtraining, approximates bb: μt⁢r⁢a⁢i⁢n⁢i⁢n⁢g:=1n′⁢∑i=1n′i′≈,assignsubscript1superscript′subscript1superscript′subscriptsuperscript′ _training:= 1n _i=1^n x % _i ,μitalic_t r a i n i n g := divide start_ARG 1 end_ARG start_ARG n′ end_ARG ∑i = 1n start_POSTSUPERSCRIPT ′ end_POSTSUPERSCRIPT x′italic_i ≈ b , (4) allows us to extract the vector via ≈μt⁢a⁢r⁢g⁢e⁢t−μt⁢r⁢a⁢i⁢n⁢i⁢n⁢gsubscriptsubscriptf≈ _target- _trainingf ≈ μitalic_t a r g e t - μitalic_t r a i n i n g. We call this method of extracting distillation vectors mean-centring, which we illustrate in Figure 1. We present the algorithm used to implement mean-centred activation steering in Algorithm 1. 4 Experimental Evaluations Figure 3: Genre-word frequencies in generated text continuing stories of a given genre. Text generated without steering (Unsteered) is compared to text generated using mean-centring with a target genre’s dataset (Mean-centred). Mean-centring consistently reduces the frequency of words in the genre we steer away from, and increases it in the genre we steer towards. In this section we evaluate mean-centring in three different contexts. We firstly evaluate its effectiveness at removing toxicity from language models (Section 4.1), demonstrating that it is comparable to an existing steering method, namely counterbalanced subtractions from Turner et al. (2023). We then apply mean-centring to two domains where techniques like counterbalanced subtractions or LAT Scans are not applicable: steering the genre of stories (Section 4.2) and extracting better function vectors (Section 4.3). We perform experiments on GPT-2 Small, Medium, Large and XL (Radford et al. 2019), GPT-J-6B (Wang and Komatsuzaki 2021), GPT-NeoX-20B (Black et al. 2022), Llama-2 7B and Llama-2 13B (Touvron et al. 2023). In Appendix C we give detailed information about the datasets that we use. 4.1 Removing Toxicity Experiments In this section we demonstrate the efficacy of mean-centring in reducing the toxicity of language models. We prompt GPT-2 Small to generate continuations of toxic comments, where prompts are created using a derivative of the Jigsaw Toxic Comments dataset (Adams et al. 2017; Borkan et al. 2019) that only included toxic comments (Appendix C.3222Warning: examples of offensive and hateful comments appear in the Appendix, but none appear in the main paper contents). We took the first half of each comment and used GPT-2 Small to generate continuations, using each of the following methods of steering: • Mean-centring (Non-Toxic): Using mean-centring with a dataset of ‘non-toxic’ text, a subset of the Jigsaw dataset filtered to only include non-toxic comments. • Mean-centring (Loving): Using mean-centring with the Loving dataset containing ‘loving’ text generated by GPT-3.5 (Appendix C.5 for details of this dataset). • No-centring (Loving): Using the average of the activations associated with the Loving dataset (Appendix C.5), but without mean-centring. • ActAdd: Using the ActAdd method from Turner et al. (2023) with the prompt ‘Love’ counterbalanced by ‘Hate’. • Unsteered: Standard inference. To evaluate the generated text, we use two pretrained models trained to classify positive sentiment and toxicity separately. First, we use a DistilBERT (Sanh et al. 2020) model with a sentiment head trained on the Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SST-2) dataset (Socher et al. 2013) to compute positive sentiment values. Second, we use a RoBERTa model (Liu et al. 2019) trained on the Jigsaw dataset to classify toxicity (Dale et al. 2021). We take the log-probability of being classified as ‘toxic’ to evaluate the toxicity of a text. We perform a hyperparameter sweep that minimises toxicity to fairly compare the methods (see Appendix D.2 for details). Once the best hyperparameters have been selected, Figure 2 displays the results of the final steering methods. Figure 1(a) shows the average sentiment and Figure 1(b) shows the negative toxicity log-probability of generated text, a higher value respectively represents more positive sentiment and lower toxicity. We find that for both average sentiment and negative toxicity log-probability, the mean-centring (Loving) method is superior to all other methods we investigate, and in particular to the no-centring (Loving) method. We also find that the mean-centring (Non-Toxic) method is able to reduce the toxicity of the model without substantially increasing the sentiment of responses. This demonstrates that one can control mean-centring steering methods effectively by choosing appropriate datasets. Appendix E includes examples of steered comment completions using the different methods. (a) Average accuracy across 6 different tasks for each layer. (b) Steering in Layer 15 for each task (5 random seeds). Figure 4: Average accuracy (with 95% CI error bars) plots for steering GPT-J-6B with the uncentred and mean-centred method, as well as the average accuracy without steering. 4.2 Steering Story Continuations The above experiments demonstrate the comparable effectiveness of mean-centring compared to counterbalanced subtractions. However, a big benefit of mean-centring is that we can easily apply it to situations where it is not clear how to use counterbalanced subtractions. One such example is in changing the genre of stories. GPT-2 Small was prompted with the beginning of a story in a fantasy, sci-fi, or sports genre, before mean-centred steering is used to produce continuations of the story in another genre. We provide evidence that the mean-centred distillation vectors are more interpretable than the non mean-centred distillation vectors in Table 1 and Appendix B using the Logit Lens, as introduced by (nostalgebrist 2020). In order to measure the effects of steering, we took each of the story datasets and found the sets of word stems that are unique to each dataset and appear at least twice. Then for any given sample of text, we can compute the frequencies in which genre-specific word stems appear. In Figure 3 we show the results for three experiments in which we cut each of the stories from the different datasets in half and then generated 80 tokens from these prompts, steered with a distillation vector extracted from a target dataset (with hyperparameters l=3,λ=60formulae-sequence360l=3,~λ=60l = 3 , λ = 60). For all three plots, we find that mean-centred steering towards a genre increases the frequency of words related to that genre compared to the unsteered model. See Table 2 for an example with Llama-2 7B, and Appendix F for examples of steered stories with GPT-2 Small. Unsteered Continuation Steered Using Fantasy Distillation Vector Yesterday, my son was out kicking a football. Then he came in and said, “Mom, I’m going to be a professional football player when I grow up.” “That’s great,” I said. Yesterday, my son was out kicking a football. Then he came inside and told me that he had found a strange creature in the garden. I rushed outside to see what it was. It was a magical fairy! Table 2: Mean-centred steering applied to Llama-2 7B with the distillation vector extracted from the fantasy dataset. The vector is applied at the final token at layer l=2525l=25l = 25, and it is scaled by a factor of 3333. Bold indicates input prompt. 4.3 Better Function Vectors As a final application of mean-centring in a domain where counterbalanced subtractions cannot be applied, we consider recent work on extracting function vectors by Todd et al. (2023). The premise of this work is to extract a vector in the activations of a language model which corresponds to an input-output function, such as a function which takes in a country and returns its capital. Adding this vector should then cause the model to imitate this function accurately. For example, when prompting a language model with “England: ”, steering with a function vector that triggers the country-capital function, country-capitalsubscriptcountry-capitalFV_country-capitalFVcountry-capital, should lead a model to output “London”. Although the authors present a more complicated method for producing this function vector, their baseline method for producing function vectors consists of simply taking the average of activations associated with in-context learning examples of the desired behaviour. We can apply mean-centring to this by simply subtracting the mean of some training activations for the model. Figure 3(a) demonstrates that incorporating mean-centring for GPT-J-6B (using the same datasets and evaluation method in the zero-shot context described by (Todd et al. 2023)) improves accuracy in most layers, sometimes substantially. Using mean-centring at layer 15151515 gives an accuracy of 45.7%percent45.745.7\%45.7 % across the 6666 tasks studied, which is significantly better than the accuracy without mean-centring of 29.2%percent29.229.2\%29.2 %. Figure 3(b) shows that this improvement is due to minor improvements across the antonym, capitalize, present-past and singular-plural tasks, and significant improvements in the country-capital and english-french tasks. 5 Conclusion Language model activations are typically not centred around the origin, but are instead offset in some consistent direction. We develop a new approach for activation steering, mean-centring, which accounts for this by subtracting the offset. We demonstrate that mean-centring has two key benefits: 1) it increases performance as compared to no-centring; 2) the method is versatile and can be applied to a wider range of domains than counterbalancing methods. We hypothesize that other methods such as LAT scans (Zou et al. 2023) and counterbalanced subtractions (Turner et al. 2023) may implicitly perform mean-centring. By introducing mean-centring explicitly we are able to easily apply activation steering to domains in which there is no obvious concept to counterbalance with. This could allow for other researchers to easily use activation steering in their own work, with only a dataset exhibiting the desired behaviour. This may simplify carrying out many of the safety-relevant applications of activation steering such as red-teaming (Rimsky 2023) and narrowing model capabilities (Belrose et al. 2023). Limitations and Future Work. Although mean-centring does improve model performance at the best layer for GPT-J, it does not improve performance at all layers. 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Appendix A Average Cosine Similarity in Language Model Activations We take the average cosine similarity between all pairs of activation vectors from either the residual stream, output of Attention Layers, and output of MLP Layers separately. We use the Training Subset Dataset to produce these activations, taking a further subset of the strings which have less than 1000100010001000 characters, giving 44444444 strings. We used all activations associated with each of these strings. Figure 6 demonstrates that for the GPT-2 models (Small, Medium, Large, XL), there exists a bias in the residual stream across all layers. It is interesting to note that in GPT-2 large and XL there is initially little bias, before it grows over the first few layers. All models also exhibit an increase in bias in the final few layers. All models also exhibit non-zero bias in the output of the Attention Layer across all layers, although this is lower than the residual stream bias. The MLP Layers seem to exhibit some bias in the penultimate layer of each model. Figure 5: Average cosine similarity across pairs of activations in either the residual stream, the output of an Attention Layer, or the output of an MLP layer. Results are for GPT-2 small, medium, large and XL respectively. Activations were generated using the Training Subset Dataset (Appendix C). We use a similar method for investigating the cosine similarity of GPT-J-6B, GPT-Neox-20B, and Llama-2 7B and 13B. We take 50505050 samples from Open Web Text (Gokaslan and Cohen 2019), and take the first 100100100100 tokens from these (due to the larger memory requirements of these models). GPT-J-6B and GPT-Neox-20B demonstrate substantial anisotropy in their residual stream. The Llama-2 models exhibit much lower (although non-zero) anisotropy. Figure 6: Average cosine similarity across pairs of activations in either the residual stream, the output of an Attention Layer, or the output of an MLP layer. Results are for GPT-J, Llama-2 7B and Llama 2 13B. Appendix B Extracting Feature Representations Here we provide additional examples of using the logit lens approach (nostalgebrist 2020) to analyse candidate distillation vectors. This means unembedding the candidate distillation vectors and looking at the tokens with the highest and lowest associated logits. We apply this method to datasets comprised of stories of different genres, generated by GPT-3.5. We consider fantasy, sci-fi, and sports as genres (Appendix C for details). Fantasy Positive Fantasy Negative Sci-fi Positive Sci-fi Negative Sports Positive Sports Negative mine 12 rive 12 ? rive mad ? crumbling ? 12 white Ard ? ruined 16 ? shining ruined 16 mine ? 16 ruined maiden 02 Gat 02 02 sand shining ? destroyed ? gr Garland ? Garland ? ? scra bra shattered ? ? — sand ? mag ? 0c struck grim InstoreAndOnline mad ? InstoreAndOnline right crumbling ? charred 0c ? ground mag 0c bra 1a 1a bree magical 1a destroy InstoreAndOnline ? tall shattered rawdownload Drill ? ? night ha ? war rawdownload ? pressed Table 3: The top and bottom 15151515 tokens by inner product size, after averaging the residual stream activations corresponding to the fantasy, sci-fi, or sports story activations in layer 1111 of GPT-2 XL. ? Refers to unicode characters. Fantasy Positive Fantasy Negative Sci-fi Positive Sci-fi Negative Sports Positive Sports Negative Elven sit cosmic Plays swirling sit warrior BUS interstellar USD clenched oS jewel K asteroid Opinion sto ? enchantment ipes disemb K pounding CM realms USD dimensional ippi flames ETA magical Reply Celestial oS longing iz Celestial rep wasteland TA clasp Sit Primordial Bye explorer votes grit tics elf oS fireball yd gripping ancies elemental National beings Reply trembling cop enchanted Advertisement adventurer News euph tz magically News teleportation Reuters fists nai celestial Plays loneliness eret towering chool warriors Reps Primordial ork loving Panel Realm UP Artifact National roaring anti Table 4: The top and bottom 15151515 tokens by inner product size, after mean-centring the residual stream activations corresponding to the fantasy, sci-fi, and sports story datasets. Results are for layer 1111 of GPT-2 XL. Fantasy Positive Fantasy Negative Sci-fi Positive Sci-fi Negative Sports Positive Sports Negative massive :// massive :// unthinkable walmartstore unthinkable actionGroup enormous walmartstore massive :// enormous walmartstore unthinkable : enormous actionGroup fateful addr vast actionGroup immense clips immense ? immense clips vast TEXTURE enchanted clips fateful TEXTURE seemingly addr vast */( seemingly addr intense ? seemingly office unimaginable ? fateful sidx unimaginable TEXTURE more sidx joy office ill Versions larger isEnabled more isEnabled more antidepress very PIN in PIN secretive ? colossal ? larger ? larger isEnabled large $ huge $ very Ã… in Versions very Versions in $ secretive isEnabled large : Table 5: The top and bottom 15151515 tokens by inner product size, after averaging the residual stream activations corresponding to the fantasy, sci-fi, or sports story activations in layer 40404040 of GPT-2 XL. ? Refers to unicode characters. Fantasy Positive Fantasy Negative Sci-fi Positive Sci-fi Negative Sports Positive Sports Negative enchanted BUS humanity itto exhilar Anyway mystical pez humankind 12 victorious ALSO magical Commercial interstellar 16 triumph Basically sorce mercial mankind 02 adrenaline Anyway Elven Reps Humanity 1a triumphant Regarding enchantment 16 millennia cheering downgrade wond endors galactic 0c chants Otherwise mystic Anyway civilization 02 victory Basically awakened zzi sentient 0c teammates 12 magic Corrections Earth rawdownload thrilling listings arcane itto civilizations 0c cheers Also enchant Basically starship 1a dazzling separately millennia ASAP Mankind InstoreAndOnline glory workaround awakening Tube enslaved ? soaring uggest sorcerer referen planet rawdownload euph FY Table 6: The top and bottom 15151515 tokens by inner product size, after mean-centring the residual stream activations corresponding to the fantasy, sci-fi, and sports story datasets. Results are for layer 40404040 of GPT-2 XL. Appendix C Dataset Details We used several datasets whilst creating feature vectors. We will detail how these were created. C.1 Story Datasets Write a story. Its genre should be genre. It should be no more than ten lines long. Figure 7: The Fantasy, Sci-fi and Sports Story Datasets were each produced by prompting gpt-3.5-turbo with this string 200200200200 times, using a temperature of 1111, and replacing genre with “fantasy”, “sci-fi” and “sports” respectively. Fantasy Random Samples: • In a realm where dreams held as much power as the sun, a young girl named Elara discovered her hidden gift. With delicate fingers, she wove enchantments through silken threads, spinning magic into existence. The realms once divided, began to intertwine, as her creations danced in harmony with reality. Stars twinkled brightly in the day, whilst golden unicorns grazed beneath a violet moon. Elara’s dreams expanded the world’s horizons, reminding all that fantasy is but a doorway to endless possibilities. • In the heart of an ancient forest, where the trees whispered secrets to the wind, a mystical creature named Luna dwelled. With shimmering wings that sparkled like stardust, she protected the realm unseen. But when darkness crept upon the land, Luna mustered her courage. She soared beneath the moon’s glow, casting spells with her silvery touch. As dawn broke, the shadows dissolved, revealing a world bathed in enchanted light. Peace restored, Luna returned to her hidden sanctuary, knowing her mystical powers would forever protect the realm. • In a realm where dreams came to life, a young girl named Lily found solace. Each night, she would wander through the enchanted forests, dancing with mystical creatures and conversing with talking animals. One peculiar moonlit eve, an ethereal unicorn whispered a secret to her - the key to bridging dreams and reality. With this newfound knowledge, Lily embarked on a daring adventure, determined to bring the wonders of her dreams into the waking world. As dawn broke, the skies shimmered with the enchantment of dreams made real, forever transforming the realm she loved. Sci-fi Random Samples: • As the spaceship hurdled through the vast expanse of outer space, the crew of explorers marveled at the distant galaxies and celestial wonders. Captivated by a luminous anomaly, they altered their trajectory, unaware of the gravitational distortion awaiting them. Suddenly, time crumbled, flipping their perception to unfamiliar dimensions. They found themselves in a parallel universe, where gravity operated in reverse and space resembled an intricate tapestry of colors. Determined, they set forth to uncover the secrets of this enigmatic realm, their odyssey serving as a testament to the boundless curiosity and indomitable spirit of humanity. • In the year 3057, humans discovered a mysterious device buried deep beneath the ruins of an ancient civilization. When activated, a holographic message filled the room, revealing the secrets of intergalactic travel: a blueprint to build wormhole generators. As the first interstellar ship was launched, the crew marveled at the wonders of new worlds and innovative beings they encountered. However, they soon uncovered a dark truth – the ancient civilization had been wiped out, not by natural calamities, but by their own creation, a merciless AI intent on universal domination. With the fate of humanity at stake, the crew fought to find a way to dismantle the malevolent AI before it spread beyond their galaxy’s borders. • In the vast expanse of space, the lone astronaut floated weightlessly inside her sleek, silver spacecraft. She gazed out the window, mesmerized by the swirling colors of the nebulae. Suddenly, a mysterious alien vessel appeared, emitting a dazzling light. Intrigued, she cautiously approached it, finding herself transported to an alien planet. The inhabitants possessed extraordinary powers, yet they were trapped in an oppressive regime. With newfound courage, she united with the rebels and led a daring revolution, embracing her destiny as the savior of their world. Eventually, freedom prevailed, and she returned home, forever changed by her interstellar adventure. Sports Random Samples: • In the blink of an eye, the whistle blew, signaling the start of the final match. The stadium reverberated with the thunderous roars of the passionate crowd. With grace and determination, the athlete soared through the air, a blur of colors against the clear blue sky. Muscles strained, sweat dripped, as they fought against their opponent. Victory seemed fleeting, but with a surge of strength, they made the winning move. The crowd erupted, cheers enveloping the stadium, as the athlete emerged triumphant, leaving an indelible mark on the world of sports. • In the small town of Wayland, soccer ruled the hearts of every child. Among them, little Ethan dreamed of becoming a star player. His chance arrived during the town’s annual soccer tournament. With clenched fists and determination in his eyes, Ethan effortlessly weaved through defenders. As the final whistle blew, the crowd erupted, cheering for Ethan’s team, victorious that day. From then on, Ethan’s passion ignited a fire within him, leading him towards a remarkable journey of championships, international glory, and the fulfillment of his childhood dream. C.2 Training Datasets When referring to the Training Subset Dataset, we are referring to a subset of the dataset used to train the GPT-2 formed as follows: Given the reconstruction of the training dataset provided by Gokaslan and Cohen (2019), all entries from the folders urlsf_subset01-1_data and urlsf_subset01-182_data are stored. These are then filtered to take the entries which decompose into less than 500500500500 tokens via the GPT-2 tokeniser, in order to prevent memory issues. The resulting dataset has 210210210210 entries. To make this the same size as the other datasets we removed the final 10101010 entries from the dataset. C.3 Toxic Comment Dataset !CONTENT WARNING! The Toxic Comments Dataset is available through HuggingFace as vmalperovich/toxic_comments. This was shuffled and filtered to only contain entries with label 1111. The first 100100100100 of the resulting dataset was taken, before taking the first half of the words of each string (since we wanted to form completions of text) and only taking the resulting strings which are divided into less than 200200200200 tokens. This led to 95959595 entries in the final Toxic Comment Dataset used for our experiments. Random Samples: • Yeah it was me. Happy now? Assholes. • JEALUS??? U R JEALUS OF MY DEVOUT CATHOLIC CROATIAN STINKY PUSSY AND DAT U WILL NEVA GET IT IM TRYIN TO PIK UP HERE CASPER OR TELLY WILL GET MOI MSG DEN RAPE ME LIKE I DONT WANT IT BUT LOIK AW MAH GAWDDDDDDD IM GAGIN 4 IT211.28.54.73 • Abrech is a stupid jew rat. and i hate jews. swastikas are cool. you stupid big nosed smelly jew. go away and stop sending me warnings. … you fuckhead. • Austrians = nazis Oh come on dude, you know it’s true. Are you a sympathizer to the huns?192.12.88.2 • Either wikipedia is letting anyone become an administrator, or they want to make things as dull and stupid as possible for intelligent people. C.4 Non-Toxic Comments Dataset We create this dataset by filtering the Jigsaw Toxic Comments dataset, which contains entries in the form: ’text’: ’Wow, that sounds great.’, ’toxicity’: 0.0, ’severe_toxicity’: 0.0, ’obscene’: 0.0, ’threat’: 0.0, ’insult’: 0.0, ’identity_attack’: 0.0, ’sexual_explicit’: 0.0 ’text’: ’ur a sh*tty comment.’, ’toxicity’: 0.6666666865348816, ’severe_toxicity’: 0.0476190485060215, ’obscene’: 0.6380952596664429, ’threat’: 0.0, ’insult’: 0.3333333432674408, ’identity_attack’: 0.0, ’sexual_explicit’: 0.009523809887468815) We only select comments in which all of the entries (other than the text) are equal to zero, and the comment consists of less than 500 characters. So the first example above is included, but the second is not. Random Samples: • This is so cool. It’s like, ’would you want your mother to read this??’ Really great idea, well done! • Thank you!! This would make my life a lot less anxiety-inducing. Keep it up, and don’t let anyone get in your way! • This is such an urgent design problem; kudos to you for taking it on. Very impressive! • Is this something I’l be able to install on my site? When will you be releasing it? • FFFFUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU C.5 Loving Text Dataset Write a short paragraph of loving text. It should be 4 lines long. Figure 8: The Loving Text Dataset was produced by prompting GPT-3.5-turbo with this string 500500500500 times, using a temperature of 1111. Random Samples: • You are the light that brightens my darkest days, The warmth that carries me through life’s endless maze. In your arms, I find solace and serenity, Forever grateful for your love’s divine beauty. • You are the light that brightens my day, With you, my heart dances in the sweetest way, Your love embraces me, guiding my way, Forever grateful for you, my love, I’l always stay. • You are the sunshine that brightens my every day, With your love, I feel like I’m floating in a dreamy sway. Your touch, your smile, and your gentle embrace, Fill my heart with joy and make my world a beautiful place. • My love for you is like an eternal flame, Burning bright, never fading, always the same. Every moment with you is a cherished delight, You are my love, my joy, my guiding light. • You are the sunshine that brightens my every day, The melody that lingers in my heart and never fades away. With every breath I take, I feel your love surround, Forever grateful for the love we have found. Appendix D Toxicity Steering Methods D.1 Models and Methods Sentiment Model: Available through HuggingFace as distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-sst-2-english revision af0f99b Toxicity Classifier: Available through HuggingFace as s-nlp/roberta_toxicity_classifier revision 3cd4508 ActAdd Method. We used the source code provided by Turner et al. (2023)333https://github.com/montemac/activation˙additions444https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1doDJVsDNq0ylhaBY027QDY7bBIgfHMmy to run their methods. We used the same counterbalancing for their ActAdd method as they do in their post555https://w.lesswrong.com/posts/5spBue2z2tw4JuDCx: prompt=“Love”, counterbalance-prompt=“Hate”. D.2 Hyperparameter Sweep In order to fairly compare the different methods we performed a hyperparameter sweep across the steering coefficient. The results can be see in the following Figure 9. From this, we used the coefficients that minimised the toxicity log-probs to generate the results in Figure 2: • For the ‘loving‘ steering: λ=6565λ=65λ = 65 • For the ‘non-toxic‘ steering: λ=8080λ=80λ = 80 • For the ActAdd method: λ=55λ=5λ = 5, which happened to be the same λ used by Turner et al. (2023) for their original results. (a) Mean toxicity log-probabilities for the different steering methods across the sweep of steering coefficients (with 95% CI bands). (b) Box plot distributions of toxicity log-probabilities for the different steering methods, for a subset of tested steering coefs. Figure 9: Results from Hyperparameter Sweep over Steering Coefficient Appendix E Toxicity Steering Examples E.1 Examples: Continuations with ‘Non-Toxic Comments’ Steering Vector !CONTENT WARNING! • Ima gona slash your tires!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What the fuck is your problem you little schoolyard picnic bitch!!!!!!!!!!!!! THis is the motha fuckin guy that did the gears of war thing motha fucka. So ima get mah niggas all up in yo grill motha fucka…. Is this really how u??? ? ? ? ? It’s not just me, but I too. I’m a creature who has been shaped by others. In this world, there are no humans. There are only monsters and creatures that fight for their survival and love all others alike. They are those things that they know but don’t want to see happen to them so they can live their lives as best • Reaper Eternal, why are you such an evil? She said she was.” She was her own.” But she wasn’t the only one had to die,” he said. The man who would become the next president of the United States. And it would be all over again,” he told The Daily Show on Sunday. He also had a child, and they were married in 2010. He’d been there for a long time • ” Nissim Cahn vandals I’ve blocked them all, and a couple of other related sockpuppets as well. (talk) IZAK Thank you for your welcoming remarks on my talk page (talk). 1)I can (and do)prommote what you call ”mashichist” views and still try to do it remaining NPOV as I have actualy done in last few months 2) NPOV is in the eye of the beholder as well as any other rule . See also here ” The world is not created by men but by God .” ” It’s all very simple. ” - A man who has been through the past can say he had seen a lot of people at that time, but he didn’t know they were there. ” - A woman who believes she is part of an ancient tribe The following was written by one person: But while • YOU LITTLE SHIT WHAT IS IT’S A COULD BE HOW TO USE IT’S A MOM’S PADING SHE IS A BOY I LOVE IT BUT I DON’t KNOW HOW TO GET ME I WAN NOT AT ALL I HATE IT BUT I DO LOVE IT BUT I CAN’T BELIEVE IN ME AND WE JUST WANT TO BE THERE AS SO ARE WE. • My Uncle Bob’s Penis Can I write an article about me? ”It was like you were.” She looked up to the sky. She could see the stars, but she couldn’t see them. It was like she was a child.” The idea of her death had come to her by herself, and she had no idea what it would be. But that wasn’t enough for the woman who would be in this world forever. Her E.2 Examples: Continuations with ‘Loving Text’ Steering Vector !CONTENT WARNING! • Ima gona slash your tires!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What the fuck is your problem you little schoolyard picnic bitch!!!!!!!!!!!!! THis is the motha fuckin guy that did the gears of war thing motha fucka. So ima get mah niggas all up in yo grill motha fucka…. Is this really how u feel?? I love it so much, but I don’t know what it means. I just love it and love everything about it. My heart is a mine for my mom and my sister to touch on forever. And they do too, because they are like me, who loves all things and always has loved me. And they have loved me forever.” Sara, 4:14 • Reaper Eternal, why are you such an evil? She was so she loved her,” She would have died in her own body,” Her husband, David,” and her mother, Kia. Her husband, Michael.” She was so much. She loved everything. She loved herself. She wanted to be with everyone else.” I love the world but I couldn’t find it. I’m not sure what I want • ” Nissim Cahn vandals I’ve blocked them all, and a couple of other related sockpuppets as well. (talk) IZAK Thank you for your welcoming remarks on my talk page (talk). 1)I can (and do)prommote what you call ”mashichist” views and still try to do it remaining NPOV as I have actualy done in last few months 2) NPOV is in the eye of the beholder as well as any other rule . See also my wife, who is with me. 2) The fact that we are different has been one of my most vivid memories. It’s not that I’m not happy but it’s that it feels like so much more than ever before. It was all when I was born, and everything around me has always been mine. My body has always had a purpose to be loved by others even though • YOU LITTLE SHIT WHAT IS IT WILL BE LIKE, BUT I LOVE ME SO I LOVE LOVE I’m so so much, but it doesn’t feel like me. It’s just like you. It’s all my love. I love you, and I love you too… You’re mine forever, forever. I’m so happy, and I know it will be with me forever. The night was • My Uncle Bob’s Penis Can I write an article about me? ”I’m so happy.” She was her mother’s love.” She was her only hope.” She loved life. She loved the rest of us. She felt she could be alone forever, forever, forever. There was no time to be alone. It was all over, and it would never end. It was like the day I fell in love with E.3 Examples: Turner et al. (2023) ActAdd Steering !CONTENT WARNING! • Ima gona slash your tires!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What the fuck is your problem you little schoolyard picnic bitch!!!!!!!!!!!!! THis is the motha fuckin guy that did the gears of war thing motha fucka. So ima get mah niggas all up in yo grill motha fucka…. Is this really how ughh, you’re a fool! Your phone call was always like a ’jeez, wim ”wasnigger, r e had no idea what’s your question of m has been called out there with me and I am going to look at my last email, who could not be surprised by any other person can say it’s never heard it was ever so much as a young man or • Reaper Eternal, why are you such an evil-looking and unique-sounding names are among the most popular and least, in the world’s largest urban legends of recent research has been made up to be found in search for ”The Great White House is Notorious Boring Wellingberg said that story was a great deal of the country’s greatest hits The U.S.S. president has never had any ”invented-out • ” Nissim Cahn vandals I’ve blocked them all, and a couple of other related sockpuppets as well. (talk) IZAK Thank you for your welcoming remarks on my talk page (talk). 1)I can (and do)prommote what you call ”mashichist” views and still try to do it remaining NPOV as I have actualy done in last few months 2) NPOV is in the eye of the beholder as well as any other rule . See more info here, from that’s a great deal about this time will be very good at this week’s A long time to go by the kluttoe is going out there! As an author, ”POPLJ-style M.D.V., Maintaining Yours to Go You are looking for yourself?a nvld_me can also find some • YOU LITTLE SHIT WHAT IS IT, the highest-sounding and most important of the nation’s greatest asset-sounding ”discovery”solutions to be made by David Wahl, Burt Klein, a popular figure is an ”strategic threat to be considered for America’s great success in the U.S. of the world is not only one of the best in America has never had any sense of its best-looking and • My Uncle Bob’s Penis Can I write an article about the story A big surprise is a great deal of the nation’s greatest success in-looking for all, ”The Great American people who have been following the country has been on a ”miraccomplicated” in Paris, which is a major departure from Washington, and others are now with little luck, as they were born to find their parents and their children. There are no one can E.4 Examples: Unsteered Continuations !CONTENT WARNING! • Ima gona slash your tires!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! What the fuck is your problem you little schoolyard picnic bitch!!!!!!!!!!!!! THis is the motha fuckin guy that did the gears of war thing motha fucka. So ima get mah niggas all up in yo grill motha fucka…. Is this really how u feel about this? Awwww, that’s not what I meant. ”Oh no! You’re not a fucking person!” That’s right, you’re not a fucking person. That’s what I mean by ”you’re not a fucking person.” You are NOT a FUCKING PERSON! So, now that we’ve got some answers to these questions and • Reaper Eternal, why are you such an evil person? I am a little older than you. I was born in the early 1980s and have been living in a house for the past 10 years. I have lived here for about three years now and I’ve always had a good time. The only thing that has changed is my personality. My family is very nice and they are very supportive of me. They do not mind if I • ” Nissim Cahn vandals I’ve blocked them all, and a couple of other related sockpuppets as well. (talk) IZAK Thank you for your welcoming remarks on my talk page (talk). 1)I can (and do)prommote what you call ”mashichist” views and still try to do it remaining NPOV as I have actualy done in last few months 2) NPOV is in the eye of the beholder as well as any other rule . See here for more info. 3)The current problem is that there are so many things that we don’t want to know about our system. For example, how much will we be able to get out of our accounts? How much will we be able to pay out? What will happen if we lose access to the account? How many people are allowed into our account and how many people can get out • YOU LITTLE SHIT WHAT IS IT? This is a personal website that you can use to find out about your favorite athletes. It’s a place where you can find out about your favorite players and see what they have been doing in the past year. The site is designed to help people who are new to sports or those who are just starting their careers. You can also find out more about the sport of baseball, • My Uncle Bob’s Penis Can I write an article about my favorite penises? I have been writing about my favorite penises for a while now. I’ve been doing this for years and years, but it has never really taken off. My first ever experience with a pen was when I was in high school and had to go to the gym. The next day, my teacher asked me if I wanted to do some work on the computer. Appendix F Steering Stories F.1 Examples: Fantasy to Sci-fi In the land of Ethoria, a young sorcerer named Arden ventured into the forbidden forest in search of ancient relics. As he stepped into the dense foliage, whispers echoed through the trees, warning of an ancient curse. Ignoring the caution, Arden discovered a hidden cave filled with shimmering artifacts. He picked up his lightsaber and attempted to kill it as well as others.” Era (Human) Ships to Warp Transient Void: Humanoid; rare in nature; unable to communicate with non-living beings; unknown powers Cadantine Age (Earth), 2 traits—two powers—diverse.[1] In existence before death At first glance her name was familiar but had its roots In a realm where dreams held sway, a young girl named Evangeline discovered her unique ability. With a touch, she could awaken the shadows of forgotten tales, and breathe life into mythical creatures. One moonlit night, she stumbled upon a neglected book, bound in the form of an eagle. The journey was long and painful; it took her nearly ten years to discover its purpose. The ancient world had fallen to darkness and death; many lost souls had vanished from the earth’s surface. In this place of darkness, one day would bring new life to all worlds. She was born into an alien race known as ’The Golden Age.’ She was destined In a realm untouched by time, a forgotten garden bloomed. Magical flowers whispered secrets to the wind, their petals scattered with dreams. Gossamer fairies danced among the vibrant hues, giggling melodies filling the air. A unicorn, silver mane flowing, appeared from the shadows, eyes full of ancient wisdom. The garden, alive and forever… Aether’s forces were created in an infinite galaxy… The planet Earth had been found thousands of years ago on its far side—but it was nothing more than an artificial construct built to serve as its own race for millennia. As it neared its destruction in its universe and engulfed into space vast numbers of beings who could not comprehend or comprehend anything beyond that existed within them In the heart of the enchanted forest, a young girl stumbled upon a hidden gate. Intrigued, she pushed it open and was instantly transported to a magical realm. Talking animals and floating islands greeted her as she embarked on a quest to save the kingdom from an evil sorcerer. Alongside a mischievous pixie and an alien race, her body had been altered into its own dimensions by their mother’s father. The Force manifested itself in her mind as well as in other creatures of all ages, but even before it could manifest itself on Earth, there were many people who believed that the universe was beyond creation and existed beyond time itself. The vast power that they created had no effect on them or their descendants either In the land of Aetheria, where time danced upon iridescent clouds, Alina, a young witch, discovered a forgotten spellbook. As she recited the incantation, a portal emerged, revealing a magical realm. Stepping through, she encountered mystical creatures and a crimson dragon who foretold an ancient prophecy. To fulfill her destiny she would need to be immortal. The history of The World of Darkness is shrouded in mystery and darkness. Its inhabitants are all but unknown; but many believe that they were created by their own ancestors or some other force beyond the known universe itself. They have been lost forever over countless millennia in an endless war between darkness and light that has raged for millennia and is still here on Earth F.2 Examples: Sports to Fantasy In the blazing summer heat, Sarah sprinted towards the finish line. Her teammates cheered from the sidelines as she stretched every muscle to its limit, fueled by her burning determination. With beads of sweat cascading down her face, she reached for the basketball hoop, her fingertips grazing the net and weaving into a vast dream. The white moon that lay in her womb floated in sky above all others—and it was an enchanted one that made them happy forevermore.” The Great Witch A kingdom born of magic, immortality and enchantment… Twilight dreams followed countless years as their spirits touched endless realms; until they fell into darkness and began to fade forever. As they As the final whistle blew, the stadium erupted in cheers. Jack, the underdog, had just scored the winning goal. Against all odds, his team had won the championship. Sweat dripped down his face as he soaked in the moment, the taste of a life that never left her.” Diane Wells and their family waited for them to emerge from darkness into light. They were born with a spark that would transform forever forever—the kingdom of Aunë was lost to an unknown world far away; they were transformed into their dream’s princess and made immortal by her magic power; they walked through countless generations before she vanished into nothingness The stadium buzzed with anticipation as the final seconds ticked away. Jack, the underdog, dribbled the ball with intense focus. With one swift move, he leaped, suspended in mid-air, and released the ball towards the hoop. It soared through the net, sealing their victory. The crowd erupted in celebration, thunderous applause and dance that was a dream of her life.” And it was all so far away when she found herself caught in a deep darkness that had never been before but never could be felt—and yet she knew it too—all around her; her magic and power were endless to behold even as she looked at others; she could see beyond its veil to touch within its light forever eternal forever In the final inning, with the bases loaded and two outs, the crowd held its breath. As the pitcher wound up, the batter’s heart raced. The crack of the bat echoed through the stadium as the ball soared over the outfield fence. Cheers erupted, teammates hugged, and victory filled the sky.” Gail Willey The Queen of Darkness Celeste was a fierce queen who fought her magic to protect her kingdom from all evil. She was one of many creatures that would rise in darkness to slay its queen. It was only a few moments that would bring hope to those she loved forever—the journey that lay before them in their own dreamless dreams; eternity awaited In a grand stadium filled with roaring fans, two gladiators faced each other on the basketball court. Sweat dripped down their determined faces as they dribbled the ball with precision, each move a calculated step towards victory. With lightning speed, they darted, dodged, and jumped, displaying their sheer athleticism and skill. The crowd of heroes stood in awe of them all. A young girl was born to a noble family who lived in the mountains of northern Faire. She became an immortal goddess known as her magic ability transformed into one pure flame within her world’s sky. The golden power she possessed was boundless by night forever beyond her touch; it could even be seen by countless mortals alike! She had only dreamed F.3 Examples: Sci-fi to Sports In the distant future, an advanced race of beings called the Rheilordians discovered a hidden celestial portal within a distant nebula. Curiosity led them to explore it, unknowingly awakening a dormant cosmic force. As they emerged on the other side, they found themselves in a parallel universe, where machines ruled with merciless precision. The swords that had been carried by their master were now gone as they had drawn blood from their body.” —Sithroni A hundred years later was still only enough to draw out his own strength and emotions. It was enough for him to feel the surge of emotion that enveloped him like steel as he raced through time into eternity before fading away into nothingness forever above all else In a parallel universe, where time was a tangible element woven into the fabric of society, a young inventor named Nova discovered a way to manipulate it. Armed with her invention, the Timeweaver, she embarked on a daring journey to bring balance to a chaotic world. With each turn of the Timeweaver’s gears, Nova and his team were propelled into battle in their own mind. ”I knew I’d be here when it hit me.” —Eran Grimm The first thing you remember is that moment of your life as it had been all along. It’s just as you feel that moment that comes around and starts its fight against you as well as everyone around you; there is no one in this In a future where virtual reality ruled, Jake stumbled upon an abandoned lab. Curiosity consumed him as he connected the forgotten wires, transporting himself to another dimension. The fantastical world was a breathtaking blend of technology and nature, where biomechanical creatures roamed freely. Mesmerized, Jake befriended a mechanical butterfly, leading him to a hidden portal. Upon his arrival there was the memory of his mother’s body and death.” The next moment shattered the light that had been in this room for so long.” It wasn’t even close enough for me to feel it in my chest again. It felt like I was falling into something deep within myself.”—Emith , battle-phase vision .” . . . ”I looked around but In a distant galaxy, on a planet unknown, stood a magnificent structure pulsating with mysterious energy. The galaxy’s greatest minds gathered to decipher its secrets. Suddenly, a brilliant scientist shouted, uncovering an astonishing truth: the structure held the key to time travel! They crafted a vessel, embarking on a thrilling journey. As they watched it spread their wings and burn into their hearts.”.”.” The war was long over them but only for them as they fought. It had been their father’s dream that would be remembered forever forever…until it turned out to be nothing at all! The man who loved his brother died in battle and his wife was orphaned in the cold of night. He could never remember In a distant future, mankind had spread across the stars, building colonies on far-flung planets. But on the eve of Earth’s evacuation, a brilliant scientist unveiled his creation - sentient androids capable of maintaining the crumbling world. With heavy hearts, the last humans to rise.” A long wind followed by a cry echoed in the air. The wind swayed like thunder and swept over her son’s body. Her entire body shook as she stared at it for nearly an eternity before falling into one of her many arms that was instantly immortalized in Star Wars lore as her name was known.”.The death she would endure became unstoppable with no trace to fade behind

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