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Relax Within, Balance Across: Geometry-Guided Load Balancing for Vision-Language Mixture-of-Experts
Ziang Wu, Peng Jin, Qishen Yin, Munan Ning, Hao Li, Peizhen Zhang, Li Yuan
Intelligence
Status: succeeded | Model: Gemma-4-26B-A4B | Prompt: intel-v1 | Confidence: 91%
Last extracted: 8/4/2026, 4:41:55 AM
Summary
The paper introduces ReBA (Relax Within, Balance Across), a geometry-guided load balancing method for Vision-Language Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models. It addresses the issue where standard auxiliary loss (Std-Aux) balances only the mixed image-text load, leading to significant load imbalance when token mixes change (e.g., due to resolution or tiling). ReBA separates image and text routing objectives and treats each image as an equal-weight routing instance, thereby reducing load sensitivity to token mix variations while maintaining task accuracy.
Entities (7)
Relation Signals (5)
REBA → solves → Load Imbalance
confidence 95% · ReBA lowers load on every reported benchmark input while keeping mean task accuracy comparable to Std-Aux.
Std-Aux → causes → Load Imbalance
confidence 92% · Std-Aux balances only the mixed load, so large image and text load errors can cancel at one mix... shows more than a fivefold change in load imbalance across image resolutions.
REBA → uses → Modality Boundary
confidence 90% · The modality boundary motivates separate image and text terms. ReBA implements both choices.
REBA → uses → Image Boundary
confidence 90% · The image boundary motivates one equal-weight routing instance per image. ReBA implements both choices.
Split-Qwen3VL-4B → evaluatedwith → REBA
confidence 88% · On our main model, the same trained router shows more than a fivefold change in load imbalance... ReBA lowers load on every reported benchmark input.
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Abstract
Abstract:Vision-language MoE batches contain different numbers of image and text tokens. Image resolution, image count, tiling, and prompt length all change this token mix. We call the standard token-level Switch auxiliary loss Std-Aux. Std-Aux balances only the mixed load, so large image and text load errors can cancel at one mix. On our main model, the same trained router shows more than a fivefold change in load imbalance across image resolutions. We hold the image and text load profiles fixed and derive the exact load curve as the token mix varies. The image-text load gap controls sensitivity to the token mix. Physical preprocessing can also change the conditional profiles. The fixed-profile law excludes such changes. To design a remedy, we examine the router input structure. Image and text occupy distinct regions, while visual tokens group strongly by source image. The modality boundary motivates separate image and text terms. The image boundary motivates one equal-weight routing instance per image. ReBA, or Relax Within, Balance Across, implements both choices. Across four split backbones, ReBA lowers load on every reported benchmark input while keeping mean task accuracy comparable to Std-Aux. ReBA also lowers average load over the tested range and worst physical load under resolution and tiling shifts. Code is available at this https URL.
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- Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.00574v1
- Canonical: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.00574v1
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Relax Within, Balance Across: Geometry-Guided Load Balancing for Vision-Language Mixture-of-Experts Ziang Wu2,3 , Peng Jin1,4 , Qishen Yin1 , Munan Ning1,2, Hao Li1,4, Peizhen Zhang5, Li Yuan1,2 Abstract Vision-language MoE batches contain different numbers of image and text tokens. Image resolution, image count, tiling, and prompt length all change this token mix. We call the standard token-level Switch auxiliary loss Std-Aux. Std-Aux balances only the mixed load, so large image and text load errors can cancel at one mix. On our main model, the same trained router shows more than a fivefold change in load imbalance across image resolutions. We hold the image and text load profiles fixed and derive the exact load curve as the token mix varies. The image–text load gap controls sensitivity to the token mix. Physical preprocessing can also change the conditional profiles. The fixed-profile law excludes such changes. To design a remedy, we examine the router-input structure. Image and text occupy distinct regions, while visual tokens group strongly by source image. The modality boundary motivates separate image and text terms. The image boundary motivates one equal-weight routing instance per image. ReBA, or Relax Within, Balance Across, implements both choices. Across four split backbones, ReBA lowers load on every reported benchmark input while keeping mean task accuracy comparable to Std-Aux. ReBA also lowers average load over the tested range and worst physical load under resolution and tiling shifts. Code is available at https://github.com/ZiangWu-77/ReBA. 1 Introduction Figure 1: Fixed-profile predictions and physical Split-Qwen3VL-4B runs. Lines show fixed-profile predictions. Large markers show physical runs at five pixel budgets. Std-Aux is the standard token-level Switch auxiliary loss. Coupled-ImgInst forms one profile per image but keeps one mixed image and text loss. ReBA uses separate modality terms and equal-weight image instances. Lower RMS-CV is better. MoEfication and LLaMA-MoE convert trained dense FFNs into sparse experts and activate selected experts (Zhang et al. 2022; Zhu et al. 2024). Under expert parallelism, the busiest expert can determine the layer time (He et al. 2026). Vision-language inference adds another source of variation. Dynamic resolution changes the number of visual tokens (Wang et al. 2024b). Image count, tiling, and prompt length also change the image–text token mix. We therefore study split-MoE inference across changing token mixes. However, load balance should hold across changing token mixes, not only at one mix. Figure 1 shows physical Split-Qwen3VL-4B runs and fixed-profile curves from the same checkpoint. The physical runs preserve the method order and local curve structure. Std-Aux is balanced near one mix but becomes imbalanced as the mix changes. The result shows that balance at one composition does not imply balance across compositions. The failure comes from mixed-load balancing. Std-Aux observes only the mixed image–text load. The image load and text load can each remain imbalanced. Their expert-wise errors can point in opposite directions and cancel near one token mix. When the token mix changes, the two errors receive different weights. Consequently, the cancellation breaks and the mixed load rises. To explain this failure, we derive an exact law for fixed image and text load profiles. The law separates the best load from sensitivity to the token mix. The image–text load gap controls this sensitivity. A large gap gives a steep load curve and a narrow low-load region. A small gap gives a flatter curve and a wider low-load region. However, physical preprocessing can also change the conditional profiles. The fixed-profile law isolates only the token-ratio effect. To design a remedy, we examine the router-input structure. The measurements show two useful boundaries. First, image and text occupy distinct regions. The modality boundary motivates separate image and text terms. Second, visual tokens group strongly by source image, while different images retain a measurable gap. The image boundary motivates one routing instance per image. To this end, ReBA uses separate modality terms and equal-weight image instances. ReBA averages routing within each image and balances the equal-weight mean of the image profiles. Equal image weighting limits repeated optimization weight from correlated patches. Text remains pooled because text has a larger cross-sample gap. Figure 2: ReBA follows two measured routing boundaries. The modality boundary gives separate image and text terms. The image boundary gives one equal-weight routing instance per image in the auxiliary objective. Patches are averaged within each image, while image profiles remain separate. The trained router stays balanced over a wider image-token ratio range. Experiments support both design choices. ReBA lowers average RMS-CV over the tested ratio range and worst physical load under Split-Qwen3VL-4B resolution and InternVL tiling shifts. ReBA also lowers benchmark-input mean layer CV on every reported task and all four split backbones. Mean task accuracy remains comparable to Std-Aux. An idealized expert-compute proxy improves at medium and high visual loads. These split-backbone experiments test ReBA training. In contrast, the native checkpoints test whether the routing diagnosis also appears in released sparse models. Native physical sweeps show that conditional-profile changes can outweigh token-ratio changes. The paper makes three contributions. • Workload-wide evaluation. We show that vision-language MoE load changes with the image–text token mix. We evaluate average and difficult-case load across stated workload ranges. • Composition-shift law. We derive the exact fixed-profile load curve as the image–text token ratio changes. The image–text load gap determines the curve steepness. • Geometry-guided ReBA. ReBA balances image and text with separate terms and treats each image as one equal-weight routing instance. The two choices follow measured modality and image boundaries. 2 Background and Related Work Sparse MoE layers and load balancing. A sparse MoE layer (Shazeer et al. 2017; Fedus et al. 2022) replaces a dense FFN with N parallel experts Eii=1N\E_i\_i=1^N. Let T be the number of tokens in the batch statistic, and let k be the number of selected experts per token. For token t, xtx_t is the router input and WrxtW_rx_t gives the router logits. Efficient expert-parallel execution needs balanced expert load. Std-Aux uses the standard Switch auxiliary loss ℒaux=N⋅∑i=1Nfi⋅pi,L_aux\;=\;N· _i=1^Nf_i· p_i, (1) where fi=1T∑t1k[i∈top-k(Wrxt)]f_i= 1T\! _t\! 1k1[i -k(W_rx_t)] is the normalized hard assignment frequency and pi=1T∑tsoftmax(Wrxt)ip_i= 1T\! _t\!softmax(W_rx_t)_i the average soft gate mass. The hard frequency fif_i measures realized dispatch to expert i. The soft mass pip_i provides gradients to the router. The loss penalizes experts that have both high realized load and high average gate mass. Both f and p are token averages with no sample identity or modality label. ℒauxL_aux therefore constrains only the mixed load of the current batch. Image and text may remain imbalanced on their own. Their errors can cancel in the mixed load. Sparse MoE routing. Early sparse models introduced learned routing, expert parallelism, and auxiliary balance terms (Shazeer et al. 2017; Lepikhin et al. 2021; Fedus et al. 2022; Du et al. 2022). Later work changes routing stability, assignment, or the load objective (Lewis et al. 2021; Zhou et al. 2022; Zoph et al. 2022; Dai et al. 2022; Roller et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2024a; Qiu et al. 2025). Fine-grained and shared-expert MoEs create additional routing patterns (Jiang et al. 2024; Dai et al. 2024). Dense-to-MoE conversion. Dense FFNs can become sparse experts by partitioning existing parameters or copying dense blocks. MoEfication and LLaMA-MoE partition dense FFNs and activate selected experts (Zhang et al. 2022; Zhu et al. 2024). Sparse upcycling instead copies dense blocks (Komatsuzaki et al. 2023). The systems benefit can shrink when one expert receives much more work. We use disjoint FFN splitting, which preserves the dense FFN parameter budget (Appendix A.2). Vision-language MoE routing. Sparse experts support vision, contrastive image-text pretraining, instruction tuning, and unified multimodal learning (Riquelme et al. 2021; Mustafa et al. 2022; Lin et al. 2024a; Li et al. 2024a, b; Lin et al. 2024b; Wu et al. 2023). Released vision-language MoEs also include native sparse backbones (Wu et al. 2024). Modern Qwen and InternVL families build on vision-language alignment and variable visual tokenization (Wang et al. 2024b; Chen et al. 2023). SMAR reports that expert modality preferences can emerge under Std-Aux (Xia et al. 2025). ReBA studies the resulting hard expert loads. ReBA links the image–text load gap to sensitivity across token mixes. MoE systems and inference. Expert-parallel systems improve communication, kernels, and execution (He et al. 2021; Rajbhandari et al. 2022; Hwang et al. 2022; Gale et al. 2022). Recent inference methods modify capacity or post-routing execution to reduce expert stragglers (He et al. 2026; Li et al. 2026; Wang et al. 2026). ReBA instead changes conditional routing profiles during training. 3 Problem and Diagnosis 3.1 Ratio-Dependent Load Balance Figure 1 combines a physical Split-Qwen3VL-4B resolution sweep with load curves predicted from the same checkpoint profiles. The image-token fraction changes while the router stays fixed. Std-Aux RMS-CV changes by more than fivefold across the five settings. The learned profiles therefore define a checkpoint-specific balance point rather than uniform balance across token mixes. The resolution sweep shows that a converged auxiliary loss does not guarantee balance across token mixes. The standard loss aggregates routing statistics over all tokens before balancing experts. The loss observes one mixed load rather than separate image and text loads. Our main model learns strongly opposing conditional loads even though the mixed load is near balance. The mixed loss can therefore appear successful while the two conditional loads remain large. Section 3.2 measures this hidden cancellation. 3.2 Modality-Complementary Loads We call the image and text loads modality complementary when both loads are nonuniform and their expert-wise errors point in opposite directions. The direction and size of the errors both matter. A negative correlation is not enough when both errors are small. Let L be the number of MoE layers. Let qlIq_l^I and qlTq_l^T be the normalized image and text load profiles at layer l. We define the mean layer ℓ1 _1 conditional gap as G1=L−1∑l∥qlI−qlT∥1G_1=L^-1 _l q_l^I-q_l^T _1. On Split-Qwen3VL-4B, the mean layer Pearson correlation under Std-Aux is −0.949-0.949 and G1=0.798G_1=0.798, although overall mean layer CV is only 0.2730.273. Under ReBA, the correlation and gap fall to −0.166-0.166 and 0.1370.137 (Fig. 3). Std-Aux therefore learns large and opposing conditional loads. Section 3.3 asks why a linear router can learn this shortcut so easily. Figure 3: Std-Aux learns large modality-complementary loads. Image and text errors point in opposite directions and remain far apart across layers. ReBA reduces the negative correlation and the mean layer ℓ1 _1 gap. Faint traces show layer values. Solid curves are Gaussian-smoothed trends; shading extends correlation trends to the lower axis bound and magnitude trends to zero. 3.3 Routing Geometry Explains the Shortcut We probe router-input states from a no-aux Split-Qwen3VL-4B checkpoint and two open native MoEs, Qwen3-VL-MoE-30B and Qwen3.5-MoE-35B. Appendix E gives the native routing protocol and statistics. Figure 4: Router-input geometry across three models. Top: image and text occupy distinct regions. Translucent contours show high-density sets; black lines are linear visual separators in the displayed t-SNE coordinates, not separability tests. Bottom: same-minus-different sample cosine gaps. Faint traces show layer values; solid curves and shaded areas show Gaussian-smoothed trends relative to zero. Modality distinction is strongest. Image and text occupy separate regions of router-input space (top of Fig. 4). In the two native routers, 52%52\% and 61%61\% of experts receive more than twice as much dispatch from one modality as from the other (Appendix E.7). A linear router can use this direction to send image and text tokens toward different experts. Visual tokens have a clear image boundary. Tokens from one image form a tight routing bloc and tend to route together. Different images retain a small but measurable same-minus-different cosine gap (bottom of Fig. 4). The inter-image gap exceeds the within-image gap, so the image is a useful routing unit. Text has roughly twice the cross-sample gap on the main model, so we keep text pooled. The measured routing structure has two clear scales: modality distinction ≫inter-image distinction, -image distinction, inter-image distinction >within-image distinction. >within-image distinction. These scales give two design rules. The modality boundary motivates separate image and text terms. The image boundary motivates one visual routing instance per image. Grouping correlated patches limits repeated influence and preserves cross-image differences. The routing geometry explains why the shortcut can emerge. Section 3.4 explains why the shortcut creates ratio-sensitive load. 3.4 Exact Composition-Shift Law for Fixed Conditional Profiles The analysis changes only the image–text token ratio and holds the conditional load profiles fixed. Resolution, tiling, and input content may also change those profiles. Let qIq^I and qTq^T be normalized image and text expert-load profiles. Let a be the image-token fraction. Their mixed profile is q(a)=aqI+(1−a)qTq(a)=aq^I+(1-a)q^T. Let u=(1/N,…,1/N)u=(1/N,…,1/N) be the uniform expert-load profile. Suppose the mixed profile is uniform at a reference fraction a0a_0, so q(a0)=uq(a_0)=u. Then q(a)−u=(a−a0)(qI−qT). q(a)-u=(a-a_0)(q^I-q^T). (2) The equation separates two causes of load change. The scalar a−a0a-a_0 measures the change in token mix. The vector qI−qTq^I-q^T measures the image–text conditional load gap. A larger gap creates a narrower low-load region. This identity assumes that qIq^I and qTq^T remain fixed as a changes. Real checkpoints need not reach zero imbalance at any ratio. Let L be the number of MoE layers, and let ql(a)q_l(a) be the mixed profile at layer l. Define R(a)=L−1∑lCV2(ql(a))R(a)=L^-1 _lCV^2(q_l(a)), which is squared aggregate RMS-CV. For fixed image and text conditional profiles qlIq_l^I and qlTq_l^T, R(a)=R(a⋆)+κ(a−a⋆)2,κ=NL∑l∥qlI−qlT∥22. aligned R(a)&=R(a )+κ(a-a )^2,\\ κ&= NL _l q_l^I-q_l^T _2^2. aligned (3) The fixed-profile load curve is a parabola. The value a⋆a is the image-token fraction that minimizes the curve. The floor R(a⋆)R(a ) is the lowest squared load reached by the fixed profiles. The curvature κ measures how fast load rises away from a⋆a . ReBA reduces the conditional profile gap, which reduces the curvature. Under a distribution of batch ratios, expected squared load grows with ratio variance. Expected load also grows when the deployment mean moves away from the checkpoint’s best ratio. Appendix B.1 gives the exact expression, proof, bounds, and edge cases. Appendix E measures how physical preprocessing changes the conditional profiles. The law identifies the conditional load gap that ReBA must reduce. The routing geometry identifies the units that ReBA should balance. 4 ReBA ReBA follows these two findings. ReBA separates image and text objectives. ReBA also treats each image as one visual routing instance. 4.1 Separate Modality Objectives Std-Aux balances one mixed image–text load. ReBA computes one image term and one text term. Both terms are nonnegative, so one modality cannot hide the other modality’s error. A small ReBA loss therefore requires both modality loads to approach balance under the aligned hard–soft surrogate. Appendix B.2 gives the objective identity, unique optimum, bounds, alignment condition, and gradient analysis. 4.2 Image-Level Routing Instances An image-level routing instance contains all visual tokens from one image, while different images remain separate. Image averaging limits repeated influence from correlated patches and preserves cross-image differences. Let g(xt)g(x_t) be the router logits for token t, and let pt,i=softmax(g(xt))ip_t,i=softmax(g(x_t))_i be the soft probability for expert i. Define the normalized hard top-k dispatch as ft,i=1k[i∈top-kg(xt)]f_t,i= 1k1[i -k\,g(x_t)]. A routing instance m contains SmS_m tokens. Its soft profile Pm,iP_m,i and hard profile Fm,iF_m,i are Pm,i=1Sm∑t∈mpt,i,Fm,i=1Sm∑t∈mft,i.P_m,i= 1S_m _t∈ mp_t,i, F_m,i= 1S_m _t∈ mf_t,i. (4) Equation (4) removes token length inside one routing instance. The soft profile carries gradients, while the hard profile records realized dispatch. Let ℳM be the set of routing instances. The vectors P¯ P and F¯ F are equal-instance averages over this set: P¯i=1|ℳ|∑m∈ℳPm,i,F¯i=1|ℳ|∑m∈ℳFm,i. P_i= 1|M| _m P_m,i, F_i= 1|M| _m F_m,i. (5) Equation (5) gives every routing instance equal optimization weight, regardless of its token count. Using the same expert count N as in ℒauxL_aux, the instance balance loss is ℒinst(ℳ)=N∑i=1NF¯iP¯i.L_inst(M)=N _i=1^N F_i P_i. (6) The hard mean F¯ F measures realized instance-level load. The soft mean P¯ P sends the balancing gradient to the router. The loss keeps the hard–soft form of ℒauxL_aux, but changes the averaging unit to an instance. The set ℳimgM_img contains one routing instance per image. The set ℳtxtM_txt contains one pooled text instance. The weights λimg _img and λtxt _txt are the observed image and text token fractions. The complete objective is ℒReBA= _ReBA= λimgℒinst(ℳimg) _imgL_inst(M_img) (7) +λtxtℒinst(ℳtxt). + _txtL_inst(M_txt). The modality weights preserve the observed image–text composition. The instance construction changes optimization weight inside each modality. It does not change physical token counts. ReBA gives image profiles equal weight only in the auxiliary objective. The rule does not assume equal inference cost. Every visual token still enters its routed experts and contributes to its image profile. The equal-weight mean prevents longer images from receiving extra optimization weight from correlated patches. Benchmark and physical-load metrics still count every true top-k dispatch. Appendix A gives the token-weighted form and tensor operations. The image loss does not force every image profile to be uniform. The router can lower mean image load through within-image spreading or between-image profile variation. Section 5.3 measures both outcomes. 4.3 Implementation We set the image and text coefficients from the observed token ratio. The image identifiers define the visual instance segments. No new router or expert parameter is added. The implementation reuses the standard Switch-style hard–soft term. ReBA only changes the groups over which routing statistics are averaged. Hard dispatch counts are treated as stop-gradient in the standard surrogate. The extra aggregation costs (|ℳ|N)O(|M|N) per layer. Appendix A gives pseudocode, tensor shapes, split tensors, and the true top-k dispatch protocol. 5 Experiments The experiments test three claims. ReBA should reduce conditional load, remain stable across token mixes, and preserve task quality. 5.1 Setup Figure 5: ReBA lowers physical load under resolution and tiling shifts. (a) Split-Qwen3VL-4B resolution shifts. Dashed curves show fixed-profile predictions. Markers show physical runs. (b) InternVL tiling shifts. Markers show physical runs. Dashed curves interpolate between tested settings. Light fills extend the curves to zero and are not uncertainty bands. Backbone. Our primary testbed is Split-Qwen3VL-4B: a split-MoE built from Qwen3-VL-4B-Instruct with N=4N=4, top-22 experts at all 36 decoder layers. Each SwiGLU intermediate dimension is split into disjoint groups with matching gate/up rows and down columns. FFN weights are not copied or expanded. The conversion adds only a router. We finetune one epoch on Cambrian-737K (Tong et al. 2024), varying only the auxiliary loss, and repeat on Split-Qwen2.5VL-3B, Split-Qwen2VL-7B, and Split-InternVL3-8B. The split backbones represent dense-to-sparse deployment. Expert imbalance can reduce sparse-execution benefits across compositions. Released native MoEs are used only for routing diagnostics. All ReBA training comparisons use the four split backbones. Method POPE HallusionBench MME MMBench MMStar SEEDBench ScienceQA Avg Split-Qwen3VL-4B — Accuracy (%, ↑ ) No-Aux 86.9 66.9 1597 63.5 43.6 70.9 64.3 66.0 Std-Aux 83.2 65.2 1520 65.7 45.3 71.2 64.4 65.8 ReBA 87.8 63.1 1768 65.5 46.1 71.5 62.3 66.1 Mean layer CV (↓ ) No-Aux 0.73 0.67 0.70 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.66 0.69 Std-Aux 0.47 0.45 0.48 0.37 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.43 ReBA 0.12 0.25 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.20 0.16 Split-Qwen2.5VL-3B — Accuracy (%, ↑ ) No-Aux 87.5 61.5 1637 52.9 42.7 64.8 61.8 61.9 Std-Aux 86.9 59.7 1717 58.0 44.7 67.3 61.7 63.1 ReBA 85.2 64.0 1696 57.4 43.9 67.1 62.0 63.3 Mean layer CV (↓ ) No-Aux 0.76 0.68 0.69 0.68 0.71 0.72 0.67 0.70 Std-Aux 0.35 0.26 0.27 0.20 0.24 0.25 0.22 0.26 ReBA 0.15 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.21 0.19 Split-Qwen2VL-7B — Accuracy (%, ↑ ) No-Aux 87.4 64.8 1879 69.8 47.8 72.0 69.4 68.5 Std-Aux 86.4 60.6 1925 67.9 46.7 71.6 67.8 66.8 ReBA 87.3 60.1 1936 67.2 47.1 71.8 66.0 66.6 Mean layer CV (↓ ) No-Aux 0.70 0.63 0.65 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.64 0.65 Std-Aux 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.21 0.21 ReBA 0.10 0.21 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.16 Split-InternVL3-8B — Accuracy (%, ↑ ) No-Aux 87.2 56.0 1980 70.5 51.1 73.9 73.3 68.7 Std-Aux 88.0 55.2 1906 70.4 50.8 72.8 72.2 68.2 ReBA 86.6 55.4 2027 69.6 51.1 74.2 72.5 68.8 Mean layer CV (↓ ) No-Aux 0.70 0.64 0.67 0.63 0.66 0.66 0.63 0.66 Std-Aux 0.25 0.21 0.25 0.14 0.18 0.19 0.16 0.20 ReBA 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.15 Table 1: Task accuracy and benchmark-input load across four backbones. Mean layer CV uses true top-k counts on each benchmark’s inputs. ReBA lowers load on every benchmark and backbone. Mean accuracy remains comparable to Std-Aux. MME uses its raw score and is excluded from mean accuracy. Baselines. No-Aux removes the load-balancing objective and keeps the same task training. Std-Aux uses the token-level ℒauxL_aux (Fedus et al. 2022). ReBA uses separate terms, per-image visual profiles, and pooled text. A seven-point coefficient sweep uses the fixed probe (Appendix C.1). Fixed routing probe. All non-shift analyses use the same 500500-sample Cambrian training probe for every method. We fix min_pixels=max_pixelsmin\_pixels=max\_pixels. Appendix A gives the complete protocol and data provenance. Load metrics. Workload composition is the aggregate image-token fraction of the evaluated request set. Let ql,eq_l,e be the fraction of routed tokens sent to expert e at layer l. For the normalized layer profile qlq_l, let u=(1/N,…,1/N)u=(1/N,…,1/N) be uniform expert use. We define CV(ql)=stde(ql,e)meane(ql,e)=N∥ql−u∥2.CV(q_l)= std_e(q_l,e)mean_e(q_l,e)= N q_l-u _2. Let L be the number of evaluated MoE layers. Benchmark tables report mean layer CV, L−1∑lCV(ql)L^-1 _lCV(q_l). Composition studies report RMSCV=L−1∑lCV2(ql)RMSCV= L^-1 _lCV^2(q_l), whose square is R(a)R(a). Mean layer CV weights every layer equally. RMS-CV gives more weight to highly imbalanced layers. Both metrics measure distance from uniform expert use, and lower values are better. Benchmark and physical-shift metrics use token-weighted true top-k dispatch counts. Metrics and domains. Composition experiments report RMS-CV from true top-k counts. Minimum and worst are the domain extrema. AUC is the normalized trapezoidal average over the tested domain, not an estimate of a deployment distribution. Samples and uncertainty. Task accuracy uses each benchmark’s standard VLMEvalKit scorer and no GPT judge (Duan et al. 2024). The fixed routing probe contains 500 samples. Physical shifts use 466 paired image-bearing samples. Confidence intervals use 1,000 paired bootstrap resamples. Experiment map. Table 1 tests load and task quality across tasks and backbones. Table 2 measures how the router balances image loads. Figures 1 and 5 test fixed-profile and physical load. Table 3 separates the method choices. 5.2 Conditional and Overall Load Balance Table 1 reports task accuracy and mean layer CV on each benchmark’s own inputs. ReBA lowers mean layer CV for every benchmark and backbone. The load reduction is consistent across tasks, but the accuracy changes are mixed. The backbone order is Split-Qwen3VL-4B, Split-Qwen2.5VL-3B, Split-Qwen2VL-7B, and Split-InternVL3-8B. Their mean accuracy differs from Std-Aux by +0.3+0.3, +0.2+0.2, −0.2-0.2, and +0.6+0.6 points. We therefore claim consistent load reduction and comparable mean task quality. We do not claim a uniform accuracy gain. ReBA also improves both conditional loads. The mean image–text correlation changes from −0.949-0.949 to −0.166-0.166. The mean ℓ1 _1 gap changes from 0.7980.798 to 0.1370.137 (Fig. 3). The lower mixed load therefore does not come from a new image–text cancellation. 5.3 How Image Balance Is Realized Sections 3.3 and 4.2 define one image-level routing instance per image. We measure how the trained router uses that design. Image balance can improve in two ways. First, tokens from one image can use experts more evenly. Second, different images can use different expert profiles. Within-image CV measures the first effect. The between-image share ρ2 _2 measures the second effect relative to mean per-image squared imbalance. Appendix B.3 gives the exact identity and edge cases. The estimate uses 466 image profiles or 500 text profiles per layer. Method Within-image CV ↓ Image between- profile share ρ2 _2 ↑ Text between- profile share ρ2 _2 ↑ Std-Aux 0.48 0.19 0.30 ReBA 0.21 0.79 0.87 Table 2: ReBA lowers within-image CV and raises the between-profile share ρ2 _2. The text change is measured after training. ReBA uses both routes. Within-image CV falls from 0.480.48 to 0.210.21. The image between-profile share rises from 0.190.19 to 0.790.79 (Table 2). Image profiles therefore become flatter within each image and more varied across images. The text between-profile share also rises from 0.300.30 to 0.870.87. The text loss does not use text-sample identities. The higher text share is therefore a learned outcome rather than a direct text-instance constraint. 5.4 Load Across Modality Compositions Figure 1 shows the complete fixed-profile curves and five physical Split-Qwen3VL-4B settings. Std-Aux has a narrow minimum. Coupled-ImgInst moves the minimum but keeps a steep curve. ReBA lowers the curvature κ by 96.3%96.3\% and remains low across the tested ratio range. Average-over-range and worst RMS-CV summarize the controlled curve. Figure 5(a) returns to the Split-Qwen3VL-4B resolution sweep. The dashed curves show fixed-profile predictions near the tested ratios. The dashed curves vary only the image–text token ratio. Differences from physical markers also reflect changed conditional profiles. The physical runs follow the local curve shape. ReBA stays below Coupled-ImgInst at all five settings and below Std-Aux at four settings. At the highest resolution, aggregate RMS-CV falls from 0.3510.351 for Std-Aux and 0.1390.139 for Coupled-ImgInst to 0.1150.115. Figure 5(b) changes the InternVL tile count. Tiling changes both the image–text ratio and the visual routing profile. The panel therefore tests physical load rather than exact fixed-profile prediction. ReBA remains below Std-Aux at every tile count and is lowest from three to twelve tiles. 5.5 Which Design Choices Are Necessary? Table 3 changes one design choice at a time. Coupled-ImgInst forms one profile per image but still computes one mixed image–text loss. Coupled-SymInst adds one profile per text row and still uses the mixed loss. Both variants use one standard coefficient. Decoupled-Matched uses separate image and text losses with per-image visual profiles and pooled text. For a batch with M images, its image and text weights are M2/(M+1)2M^2/(M+1)^2 and 1/(M+1)21/(M+1)^2. These weights match the two quadratic terms inside Coupled-ImgInst. ReBA-TextInst keeps the separate losses and token-ratio weights but uses one text profile per row. Full ReBA uses separate losses, per-image visual profiles, pooled text, and token-ratio weights. Variant Image Text Overall Std-Aux 0.447 0.445 0.273 Coupled-ImgInst 0.170 0.640 0.097 Coupled-SymInst 0.567 0.543 0.348 Decoupled-Matched 0.109 0.477 0.154 ReBA-TextInst 0.108 0.138 0.098 ReBA 0.099 0.110 0.077 Table 3: Ablation mean layer CV on the fixed probe. Columns report image, text, and overall profiles from true top-k counts. Lower is better. The text defines every variant. Are image instances enough? No. Coupled-ImgInst lowers image CV from 0.4470.447 to 0.1700.170, but text CV rises to 0.6400.640. Its overall CV is only 0.0970.097 because the mixed profile still permits image and text errors to cancel. Image aggregation can move the mixed optimum, but it cannot remove cross-modal cancellation. Coupled-SymInst raises overall CV to 0.3480.348. Row-level text profiles therefore do not fix a mixed objective. Are separate modality terms enough? Separate terms reduce the image–text load gap. Decoupled-Matched reaches 0.1540.154 overall CV. Its overall CV is below the Std-Aux value of 0.2730.273 but above the full ReBA value of 0.0770.077. The remaining difference tests matched coefficients against token-ratio coefficients. Does text need row-level instances? No in this setting. ReBA-TextInst reaches 0.0980.098 overall CV, while pooled-text ReBA reaches 0.0770.077. Full ReBA also gives the lowest image and text CV in Table 3. 5.6 Implication for Expert-Parallel Compute Expert-parallel execution waits for the most loaded expert at each layer. Let nl,en_l,e be the token count assigned to expert e at layer l. The proxy TexpertproxyT_expert^proxy sums the busiest-expert count across layers. The idealized ratio SidealS_ideal divides the Std-Aux proxy total by the ReBA proxy total: Texpertproxy=∑lmaxenl,e,Sideal=TStd-AuxproxyTReBAproxy.T_expert^proxy= _l _en_l,e, S_ideal= T_Std -Aux^proxyT_ReBA^proxy. At each layer, the proxy assumes that the busiest expert sets expert-compute time. A value Sideal>1S_ideal>1 means that ReBA has lower bottleneck token work than Std-Aux. ReBA gives an ideal speedup of 1.231.23–1.25×1.25× at medium and high Split-Qwen3VL-4B settings. The proxy assumes equally fast experts, perfect placement, and no communication or non-MoE work. The proxy is not a latency measurement. Appendix C.3 reports all settings. 6 Conclusion Vision-language batches contain different image–text token mixes. Standard balancing can hide opposing conditional errors that cancel near one mix and create a narrow low-load region. ReBA balances image and text separately and aggregates one profile per image. Across four split backbones, ReBA lowers benchmark-input load with comparable mean task quality. ReBA also lowers average-over-range and worst physical load across the tested shifts. The fixed-profile law isolates token-ratio changes. Physical preprocessing can also change the conditional profiles. 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This subsection asks how ReBA converts token routing into those objectives. Let N be the number of routed experts and k be the experts selected per token. Let t index tokens, i index experts, and m index routing instances. The scalar SmS_m is the token count of instance m. Let xtx_t be the router input of token t, and let g(xt)g(x_t) be its router logits. The scalar pt,ip_t,i is the soft routing probability for expert i. The normalized hard top k dispatch indicator is ft,i=k−1[i∈top-k(g(xt))]f_t,i=k^-11[i -k(g(x_t))]. For one routing instance, define the mean soft profile PmP_m and mean hard profile FmF_m as Pm,i=1Sm∑t∈mpt,i,Fm,i=1Sm∑t∈mft,i.P_m,i= 1S_m _t∈ mp_t,i, F_m,i= 1S_m _t∈ mf_t,i. PmP_m describes where the router wants to send tokens in instance m. FmF_m describes where those tokens are actually dispatched. The set ℳIM_I contains one routing instance per image. The set ℳTM_T contains one pooled text instance for the batch. Let r∈I,Tr∈\I,T\ index image or text. The vectors P¯r P_r and F¯r F_r are equal instance mean profiles for modality r. The scalars λI _I and λT _T are the realized image and text token fractions used as loss weights. ReBA applies one hard and soft term to each modality. Algorithm S1 uses image level and text level routing instances. Table S1 defines the symbols used by the algorithm. Symbol Meaning N,kN,\ k routed experts and experts selected per token t,m,Smt,\ m,\ S_m token index, instance index, and tokens in instance m xt,g(xt)x_t,\ g(x_t) router input and router logits for token t pt,i,ft,ip_t,i,\ f_t,i soft probability and normalized hard top k indicator Pm,FmP_m,\ F_m soft and hard mean profiles of instance m ℳIM_I one routing instance per image ℳTM_T one pooled routing instance for text P¯r,F¯r P_r, F_r equal instance profile for modality r λI,λT _I, _T realized image and text token fractions inside ReBA Table S1: Notation used by Algorithm S1. Rows define one symbol or related symbol group, and the second column gives its meaning. Image statistics are averaged within each image and then across images. Text statistics remain pooled. The notation separates token statistics from instance statistics. Each image forms one routing instance. All text tokens form one pooled text instance. Algorithm S1 ReBA (Relax Within, Balance Across) 0: router outputs, image instances ℳIM_I, pooled text instance ℳTM_T, token ratio weights λI,λT _I, _T 1: for r∈I,Tr∈\I,T\ do 2: for m∈ℳrm _r do 3: compute within instance profiles PmP_m and FmF_m 4: end for 5: P¯r←|ℳr|−1∑m∈ℳrPm P_r←|M_r|^-1 _m _rP_m 6: F¯r←|ℳr|−1∑m∈ℳrFm F_r←|M_r|^-1 _m _rF_m 7: ℒr←N∑i=1NF¯r,iP¯r,iL_r← N _i=1^N F_r,i P_r,i 8: end for 9: return ℒReBA=λIℒI+λTℒTL_ReBA= _IL_I+ _TL_T The hard profile measures realized expert use. The soft profile provides gradients to the router. Their dot product penalizes experts that receive high hard load and high soft probability at the same time. Standard token averaging gives each image weight in proportion to its number of visual tokens. The resulting profile gives each token equal weight and is f^i=∑m=1MSm∑jSjFm,i. f_i= _m=1^M S_m _jS_jF_m,i. (S1) A longer image therefore receives more optimization weight. ReBA removes this length weight inside the auxiliary objective by using M−1∑mFm,iM^-1 _mF_m,i for M image instances. Every visual token still contributes to its image profile and to expert execution. Computing instance identifiers and segment means costs O(T+MN)O(T+MN) per layer for T tokens and M images. This cost is small relative to the expert FFNs. A.2 Dense to Split MoE Construction Appendix A.2 supports the dense to split construction used by the main paper. This subsection asks how disjoint sparse experts preserve the dense FFN parameters. The primary backbone starts from Qwen3-VL-4B-Instruct. Each SwiGLU FFN has Wgate,Wup∈ℝI×HW_gate,W_up ^I× H and Wdown∈ℝH×IW_down ^H× I. Here, H is the hidden size and I is the dense FFN intermediate size. Let e index experts, and let eG_e contain the intermediate neuron indices assigned to expert e. Let h be the FFN input hidden state. Let ee=1N\G_e\_e=1^N be a disjoint partition of 1,…,I\1,…,I\. For expert e, define Wgate(e)=Wgate[e,:],Wup(e)=Wup[e,:],W_gate^(e)=W_gate[G_e,:], W_up^(e)=W_up[G_e,:], Wdown(e)=Wdown[:,e].W_down^(e)=W_down[:,G_e]. The resulting expert is FFNe(h)=Wdown(e)(SiLU(Wgate(e)h)⊙Wup(e)h).FFN_e(h)=W_down^(e) (SiLU(W_gate^(e)h) W_up^(e)h ). When all experts are active, FFNdense(h)=∑e=1NFFNe(h).FFN_dense(h)= _e=1^NFFN_e(h). Each intermediate neuron belongs to exactly one expert. The gate and up rows use the same partition. The down columns use the matching partition. Summing all expert outputs therefore recovers the dense FFN output. A new router matrix Wr∈ℝN×HW_r ^N× H is initialized at zero. The initial routing step samples experts uniformly so every expert receives gradient. Sparse routing evaluates only the selected experts. With four experts and top-22 routing, one token activates half of the original intermediate neurons. With SCALE=true, the combined routed expert output is multiplied by Nk Nk, where N counts routed experts that are not shared and k is the number selected per token. The scale corrects output magnitude after sparse expert selection under the implemented gating rule. The scale is an implementation detail rather than a ReBA theoretical claim. All decoder FFNs are converted. The split experts jointly contain the same FFN parameters as the dense model, apart from the small N×HN× H router. The split construction preserves the dense FFN parameter set. Table S2 contrasts this construction with sparse upcycling. Property Splitting Sparse upcycling Initialization disjoint neurons copied dense FFNs FFN parameters preserved grows with copies Initial similarity low high Routing adaptation required easier initially Use here controlled conversion not used Table S2: Splitting and sparse upcycling under the conversion settings compared here. Rows identify initialization, parameter count, initial similarity, routing adaptation, and use in this paper. Columns define the two conversion approaches. The comparison explains the initialization used in this paper. The comparison does not claim that splitting is better than sparse upcycling in general. A.3 Training Setup The main paper compares four split backbones under matched training settings. This subsection records which settings remain fixed across comparison arms. We apply the same construction to Qwen2.5-VL-3B, Qwen2-VL-7B, and InternVL3-8B. These models produce the four split backbones in the main paper. The vision encoder is frozen during SFT. The language model, router, and unfrozen multimodal modules are trained. No-Aux, Std-Aux, and ReBA share the same initial split checkpoint and task training setup. Only the balancing objective changes. All backbones receive one epoch of supervised fine tuning on Cambrian-737K (Tong et al. 2024). The primary 4B runs use full parameter training, bfloat16, FlashAttention, a cosine schedule, learning rate 10−510^-5, warmup ratio 0.030.03, and maximum sequence length 40964096. The per device batch is four with 16 accumulation steps. The recorded global batch is 512. All reported split model training runs were conducted on NVIDIA H20 GPUs. ZeRO-1 and gradient checkpointing are used. The vision encoder remains frozen. Distributed layouts varied with model size. All comparison arms for one backbone used the same layout. Final routing analyses use the last checkpoint after one epoch. Coefficient studies evaluate λaux∈0.001,0.002,0.005,0.01,0.02,0.05,0.1 _aux∈\0.001,0.002,0.005,0.01,0.02,0.05,0.1\. The fixed routing probe does not choose a checkpoint. Downstream evaluation uses VLMEvalKit (Duan et al. 2024) with rule based or exact match scoring and no GPT judge. The same preprocessing and evaluation version are used within each backbone comparison. A.4 Routing and Evaluation Protocol Appendix A supplies the metrics and probe provenance used throughout the main paper. This subsection asks how routing balance and workload sensitivity are measured. Every load result uses true top k dispatched counts. Let ql,eq_l,e be the fraction of dispatched tokens sent to expert e at MoE layer l. The vector qlq_l sums to one, and u=(1/N,…,1/N)u=(1/N,…,1/N) represents uniform expert use. The layer coefficient of variation (CV) is CV(ql)=stde(ql,e)meane(ql,e)=N∥ql−u∥2.CV(q_l)= std_e(q_l,e)mean_e(q_l,e)= N q_l-u _2. (S2) Layer CV is zero under uniform routing. Layer CV increases as expert load moves away from uniform. Lower CV therefore means better load balance. Let L be the number of MoE layers. Mean layer CV and root mean squared CV (RMS CV) are MeanCV =1L∑lCV(ql), = 1L _lCV(q_l), (S3) RMSCV =1L∑lCV2(ql). = 1L _lCV^2(q_l). (S4) MeanCV gives equal weight to every layer’s CV. RMS CV gives more weight to layers with large CV. Benchmark tables use MeanCV on each benchmark’s inputs. Composition experiments use RMS CV because severely imbalanced layers can dominate expert parallel execution. Workload and tail summaries. Workload composition is the aggregate image token fraction of the evaluated request set. A request image token fraction is computed from one request instead. For request level RMS CV, we pool all dispatched tokens within one request at each layer, compute that request’s RMS CV, and then take p90 or p95 across paired requests. These are request percentiles, not percentiles across layers. On a stated domain, minimum and worst are the smallest and largest RMS CV. Range is their difference. Area under the load curve (AUC) is a normalized average, not ROC AUC. For points (aj,yj)(a_j,y_j) ordered by image token fraction, we define AUC[a1,aJ]=1aJ−a1∑j=1J−1(aj+1−aj)yj+yj+12,AUC_[a_1,a_J]= 1a_J-a_1 _j=1^J-1(a_j+1-a_j) y_j+y_j+12, where yjy_j is aggregate RMS CV at aja_j. This normalized AUC is average RMS CV over the stated image token fraction interval. Lower is better. Controlled AUC uses a∈[0.1,0.9]a∈[0.1,0.9]. Physical AUC uses the span of measured image token fractions. InternVL AUC uses measured fractions even when its plot uses tile count. AUC gives uniform interval weight rather than deployment request frequency weight. Metrics for conditional profiles. Let qlIq_l^I and qlTq_l^T be image only and text only normalized load profiles at layer l. We measure their separation with G1 G_1 =1L∑l∥qlI−qlT∥1, = 1L _l q_l^I-q_l^T _1, mean layer ℓ1 gap, layer $ _1$ gap, (S5) G2 G_2 =1L∑l∥qlI−qlT∥22, = 1L _l q_l^I-q_l^T _2^2, RMS ℓ2 conditional gap. $ _2$ conditional gap. (S6) G1G_1 is the mean layer ℓ1 _1 distance. G2G_2 is the RMS ℓ2 _2 distance. Both quantities measure separation, but their values should not be compared numerically. The split model result reports G1G_1, while native tables report G2G_2. Curvature with fixed profiles is κ=NL∑l∥qlI−qlT∥22=NG22.κ= NL _l q_l^I-q_l^T _2^2=NG_2^2. (S7) The scalar κ is defined only for fixed conditional profiles. A larger κ means that squared RMS CV changes faster with image token fraction. For the split model, mean layer Pearson correlation centers each image and text profile by u, computes Pearson correlation across experts, and averages over layers. Native median centered residual cosine instead computes the cosine between qlI−uq_l^I-u and qlT−uq_l^T-u at each layer and reports the layer median. These orientation metrics are not interchangeable. Let hih_i and hjh_j be router input hidden states of two sampled tokens. “Same sample” means the same source image for visual tokens or source row for text tokens. “Different samples” means different source images or rows. The sample cosine gap is Δsample _sample =[cos(hi,hj)∣same sample] =E[ (h_i,h_j) sample] −[cos(hi,hj)∣different samples]. -E[ (h_i,h_j) samples]. (S8) A positive gap means that same sample tokens are more similar than different sample tokens. The gap motivates an image level routing instance. The gap does not imply that every image uses a unique expert subset. At each layer and modality, the probe uniformly subsamples at most 2,000 tokens with seed 0 and averages all eligible off diagonal pairs. Within- and between profile metrics. CV within images first computes CV for each image profile, averages over images, and then averages over valid layers. Let Fm,lF_m,l be the hard routing profile of valid instance m at layer l. Let F¯l F_l be the equal instance mean profile, and let M be the number of valid instances. Define ρ2,l=M−1∑mCV2(Fm,l)−CV2(F¯l)M−1∑mCV2(Fm,l). _2,l= M^-1 _mCV^2(F_m,l)-CV^2( F_l)M^-1 _mCV^2(F_m,l). (S9) The scalar ρ2,l _2,l is the share of mean per instance squared imbalance represented by variation across instance profiles. A larger value means that instances use more different profiles. A larger value does not itself mean better balance. The reported ρ2 _2 averages valid layers and must be read with within image CV and mean profile load. When the denominator is positive, ρ2∈[0,1] _2∈[0,1]. Prediction diagnostics. For five matched Qwen resolutions, mean absolute error (MAE) is the mean absolute difference between predicted and physical RMS CV. Maximum error is the largest absolute difference. Pearson and Spearman correlations compare the five paired values. These descriptive values are not significance tests. Native model diagnostics. The effective number of experts is the inverse Simpson quantity Neff(q)=1∑eqe2.N_eff(q)= 1 _eq_e^2. (S10) The count equals N under uniform routing and approaches one when one expert dominates. The count measures effective use rather than experts with nonzero counts. Native tables report the layer median for conditional image and text profiles. Each finite count null trial preserves the observed token count, the number of routed experts N, top k, and the number of layers. Each token selects k distinct experts uniformly without replacement. We run 10,000 simulations, compute RMS CV, and report the observed value, null mean, their ratio, and whether any simulated value reaches the observation. Idealized expert compute proxy. Let nl,en_l,e be the dispatched token count of expert e at layer l. TexpertproxyT_expert^proxy sums the busiest expert count across layers. The idealized utilization UproxyU_proxy compares average expert work with that bottleneck work: Texpertproxy=∑lmaxenl,e,Uproxy=∑lN−1∑enl,eTexpertproxy,T_expert^proxy= _l _en_l,e, U_proxy= _lN^-1 _en_l,eT_expert^proxy, (S11) and Sideal=TStd-AuxproxyTReBAproxy.S_ideal= T_Std -Aux^proxyT_ReBA^proxy. (S12) Uproxy=1U_proxy=1 means perfect balance under the proxy. Sideal>1S_ideal>1 means ReBA has lower maximum dispatched token work than Std-Aux. Neither quantity is measured latency or throughput. The proxy assumes one equally fast device per expert and perfect placement. The proxy excludes communication, kernel effects, shared experts, and non MoE layers. The fixed probe contains 500 rows selected by seeded reservoir sampling from the cleaned Cambrian training corpus with seed 42. It is a training corpus routing probe, not a held out test set. Qwen probes fix min_pixels=max_pixels=1,003,520min\_pixels=max\_pixels=1,003,520. The probe contains 469,224469,224 image tokens and 118,218118,218 text tokens, giving image fraction a=0.7988a=0.7988. Of the 500 rows, 466 contain an image. Physical sweeps use this paired subset because every row succeeds at every tested setting. Confidence intervals (CIs) use 1,000 paired bootstrap resamples. Each resample recomputes profiles and load metrics from dispatched counts. Request tails compute a per request RMS CV before taking percentiles. A.5 Result Provenance The main paper combines benchmark inputs, a fixed routing probe, and paired physical sweeps. Table S3 states the sample set and intervention used by each main result. Main result Samples Preprocessing Metric Role Figure 1 fixed Qwen profiles vary a from 0.10.1 to 0.90.9 aggregate RMS CV predicted load region Figure 3 500-sample Qwen probe fixed pixels MeanCV, G1G_1, mean Pearson complementarity Figure 4 fixed split probe and native dumps model specific defaults sample cosine gap routing geometry Table 1 each benchmark’s inputs benchmark defaults accuracy and MeanCV breadth across tasks Table 2 466 image rows and 500 text streams fixed Qwen pixels within image CV and ρ2 _2 balance realization Table 3 500-sample Qwen probe fixed Qwen pixels conditional and overall MeanCV design ablation Figure 5(a) 466 paired requests five Qwen pixel budgets aggregate RMS CV and fixed profile residual physical resolution shift Figure 5(b) 466 paired requests InternVL tiles 1,3,6,121,3,6,12 aggregate RMS CV physical tiling shift Sec. 5.6 paired 466-sample subset Qwen and InternVL settings TexpertproxyT_ expert proxy, UproxyU_ proxy, SidealS_ ideal idealized expert compute Table S3: Provenance of the main results. Rows identify main paper results. Columns define each result’s sample set, preprocessing or intervention, metric, and role. Benchmark rows use their benchmark inputs, diagnostic rows use the fixed probe, and physical rows use paired requests. Benchmark results use each benchmark’s own inputs. Diagnostic results use the fixed probe. Physical shift results use the paired 466-request subset. No probe selects a checkpoint. Appendix B Mathematical Details B.1 Composition Shift Law Section 3.4 of the main paper asks how load changes when only token composition changes. Appendix B.1 holds image and text conditional profiles fixed. The derivation excludes profile changes caused by resolution, tiling, or content. Let l index MoE layers, and let L be the number of MoE layers. The vectors qlIq_l^I and qlTq_l^T are fixed normalized image and text load profiles. Let a be the deterministic image token fraction. The mixed profile is ql(a)=aqlI+(1−a)qlT.q_l(a)=aq_l^I+(1-a)q_l^T. The vector ql(a)q_l(a) changes linearly with a. Let u=/Nu=1/N be uniform expert use, and let dl=qlI−qlTd_l=q_l^I-q_l^T be the conditional profile difference. Let R(a)R(a) be mean squared layer CV. Its square root is aggregate RMS CV. Expanding the squared distance from uniform gives CV2(q)=N∥q−u∥22CV^2(q)=N q-u _2^2, R(a) R(a) =NL∑l‖(qlT−u)+adl‖22 = NL _l (q_l^T-u)+ad_l _2^2 (S13) =κa2+2ba+c, =κ a^2+2ba+c, (S14) where κ=NL∑l∥dl∥22,b=NL∑ldl⊤(qlT−u),κ= NL _l d_l _2^2, b= NL _ld_l (q_l^T-u), and c=NL∑l∥qlT−u∥22.c= NL _l q_l^T-u _2^2. The scalar b is the linear coefficient set by the text residual and conditional difference. The scalar c is squared load at a=0a=0. The mixed profile is linear in a, so squared distance from uniform is quadratic. When κ>0κ>0, completing the square identifies the unconstrained optimum: a⋆=−b/κ,R(a)=R(a⋆)+κ(a−a⋆)2.a =-b/κ, R(a)=R(a )+κ(a-a )^2. a⋆a is the fraction that minimizes the unrestricted parabola. R(a⋆)R(a ) is the lowest squared load of the fixed profiles. The curvature κ controls how quickly load rises away from that fraction. The curvature is determined by the conditional profile gap: κ=NL∑l∥qlI−qlT∥22.κ= NL _l q_l^I-q_l^T _2^2. ReBA aims to reduce conditional imbalance and the resulting curvature. A fraction must remain inside the tested interval. If a⋆a lies outside, the feasible minimum occurs at the nearest endpoint. If κ=0κ=0, image and text profiles match at every layer and R(a)R(a) is constant. Workload distribution corollary. Let A be the random image token fraction in deployment. []E[ A] is mean composition, and Var()Var( A) is composition variance. Taking the expectation of the completed square form gives [R()]=R(a⋆)+κ[(−a⋆)2].E[R( A)]=R(a )+ [( A-a )^2]. The identity [(−a⋆)2]=Var()+([]−a⋆)2E[( A-a )^2]=Var( A)+(E[ A]-a )^2 proves [R()]=R(a⋆)+κVar()+κ([]−a⋆)2.E[R( A)]=R(a )+ ( A)+κ(E[ A]-a )^2. Expected squared load has three sources. The first source is the best fixed profile floor. The second source is workload composition variance. The third source is mismatch between mean workload and the best fraction. Controlled AUC instead weights a fixed interval uniformly. Controlled AUC is a standardized range summary rather than this deployment expectation. Zero floor intuition. Let a0a_0 be a reference fraction where the mixed profile is exactly uniform. Then ql(a)−u=(a−a0)(qlI−qlT),q_l(a)-u=(a-a_0)(q_l^I-q_l^T), and R(a)=|a−a0|NL∑l∥qlI−qlT∥22. R(a)=|a-a_0| NL _l q_l^I-q_l^T _2^2. Load grows linearly in |a−a0||a-a_0|, while squared load grows quadratically. A large image and text profile gap creates a narrow low load region around a0a_0. Complementarity special case. We first state the identity for one layer and omit the layer index. Let δI=qI−uδ^I=q^I-u be the image residual from uniform. Let δT=qT−uδ^T=q^T-u be the text residual. Exact cancellation at a0a_0 requires opposite directions with ratio dependent magnitudes: ∥qI−qT∥2 q^I-q^T _2 =∥qI−u∥21−a0=∥qT−u∥2a0, = q^I-u _21-a_0= q^T-u _2a_0, (S15) CV(q(a)) (q(a)) =|a−a0|1−a0CV(qI)=|a−a0|a0CV(qT). = |a-a_0|1-a_0CV(q^I)= |a-a_0|a_0CV(q^T). (S16) The mixed profile can be uniform while both conditional profiles remain far from uniform. This cancellation family explains why one mixed balancing term cannot identify both conditional loads. Conditional CV upper bound. The next bound connects curvature to the conditional CV values that ReBA directly reduces. The inequality ∥x−y∥22≤2∥x−u∥22+2∥y−u∥22 x-y _2^2≤ 2 x-u _2^2+2 y-u _2^2 gives κ≤2L∑l[CV2(qlI)+CV2(qlT)].κ≤ 2L _l [CV^2(q_l^I)+CV^2(q_l^T) ]. Exact conditional balance gives zero curvature. Approximate conditional balance gives a finite curvature bound. The bound is sufficient but may not be tight. Composition versus conditional profile change. Let s index a physical preprocessing setting. The vectors q0,lI,q0,lTq_0,l^I,q_0,l^T are source conditional profiles, while qs,lI,qs,lTq_s,l^I,q_s,l^T are profiles after setting s. Let asa_s be the measured image token fraction. The fixed profile prediction is qpred,l(s)=asq0,lI+(1−as)q0,lTq_pred,l(s)=a_sq_0,l^I+(1-a_s)q_0,l^T The profile change residual is rl(s)=as(qs,lI−q0,lI)+(1−as)(qs,lT−q0,lT).r_l(s)=a_s(q_s,l^I-q_0,l^I)+(1-a_s)(q_s,l^T-q_0,l^T). The physical profile has the exact decomposition qphys,l(s)−u=qpred,l(s)−u+rl(s).q_phys,l(s)-u=q_pred,l(s)-u+r_l(s). (S17) After squaring and averaging, Rphys(s)=Rpred(s)+D(s)+2Cint(s),R_phys(s)=R_pred(s)+D(s)+2C_int(s), (S18) where D(s)=NL∑l∥rl(s)∥22D(s)= NL _l r_l(s) _2^2 and Cint(s)=NL∑l(qpred,l(s)−u)⊤rl(s).C_int(s)= NL _l(q_pred,l(s)-u) r_l(s). Rpred(s)R_pred(s) is squared load from composition change alone. Rphys(s)R_phys(s) is squared load from the physical forward. D(s)D(s) is the nonnegative squared magnitude of profile change. A positive Cint(s)C_int(s) increases predicted imbalance. A negative interaction offsets predicted imbalance. Qwen resolution mostly preserves the local predicted structure in the tested range. InternVL tiling changes conditional profiles more strongly. A physical curve can therefore fall below its fixed profile prediction even when profile change is large. Appendix E.7 applies the decomposition to native MoEs. B.2 Separate Modality Terms Section 4.1 of the main paper uses separate image and text terms. Appendix B.2 asks whether one mixed term can guarantee conditional balance. The aligned standard surrogate constrains only aqI+(1−a)qTaq^I+(1-a)q^T. Let Δ be any small zero sum expert load residual. The condition ⊤Δ=01 =0 keeps each profile normalized. Consider qI=u+Δ,qT=u−a1−aΔq^I=u+ , q^T=u- a1-a for a nonzero feasible Δ . The image profile moves away from uniform by Δ , while the text profile moves in the opposite direction. Their weighted mixture remains uniform. One mixed objective cannot distinguish this pair from conditional balance. Let ℒReBAL_ReBA be the ReBA auxiliary objective. λI _I and λT _T are positive modality weights. Under exact hard and soft alignment, its excess above the minimum is ℒReBA−(λI+λT)=λICV2(qI)+λTCV2(qT).L_ReBA-( _I+ _T)= _ICV^2(q^I)+ _TCV^2(q^T). Each excess term is nonnegative, so one modality cannot cancel the other. The minimum is unique at qI=qT=uq^I=q^T=u under exact alignment. Let ϵε be an allowed total excess. If the excess is at most ϵε, then CV2(qI)≤ϵ/λI,CV2(qT)≤ϵ/λT.CV^2(q^I)≤ε/ _I, ^2(q^T)≤ε/ _T. Each conditional squared CV is bounded by ϵε divided by its modality weight. Expansion for hard and soft routing. Let FrF^r and PrP^r be hard and soft modality profiles. Define deviations δFr=Fr−uδ F^r=F^r-u and δPr=Pr−uδ P^r=P^r-u. The implementation computes N(Fr)⊤PrN(F^r) P^r, which expands as N(Fr)⊤Pr=1+N(δFr)⊤δPr.N(F^r) P^r=1+N(δ F^r) δ P^r. (S19) The constant one is the uniform routing value. The inner product measures whether hard and soft deviations point in the same direction. The expression equals 1+CV2(Fr)1+CV^2(F^r) only under exact alignment. Table S5 measures alignment on trained checkpoints. Positive cosine supports the approximation but does not prove equal deviations. Modality specific gradient. Let zt,ez_t,e be the router logit for token t and expert e. pt,ep_t,e is its soft routing probability, and FerF_e^r is the hard modality load of expert e. Treating FrF^r as stop gradient gives ∂ℒr∂zt,e∝pt,e(Fer−∑jpt,jFjr). _r∂ z_t,e p_t,e (F^r_e- _jp_t,jF^r_j ). An expert above the token’s soft load average receives a downward update under loss minimization. An underused expert receives the opposite signal. Separate terms send image specific feedback to image tokens and text specific feedback to text tokens. The derivation explains why modality separation removes cross modal cancellation. Appendix B.3 explains why the image term uses one instance per image. B.3 Image Balance Decomposition Sections 4.2 and 5.3 of the main paper treat each image as one routing instance. Appendix B.3 asks how image level balance can improve. Let M be the number of image instances, and let FmF_m be normalized hard profile of image m. Let F¯=M−1∑mFm F=M^-1 _mF_m be the equal image mean, and let u be the uniform expert profile. The variance decomposition gives 1M∑m∥Fm−u∥22=∥F¯−u∥22+1M∑m∥Fm−F¯∥22. 1M _m F_m-u _2^2= F-u _2^2+ 1M _m F_m- F _2^2. (S20) The left side is mean squared imbalance for each image. The first term on the right is imbalance of the mean image profile. The second term is variation among image profiles. The between image term also has a pairwise form: 1M∑m∥Fm−F¯∥22=12M2∑m,n∥Fm−Fn∥22. 1M _m F_m- F _2^2= 12M^2 _m,n F_m-F_n _2^2. The pairwise identity averages squared distances between all image profile pairs. The identity does not require every image pair to prefer opposite experts. Multiplying by N gives the CV identity used in the main paper. The between profile share is ρ2=M−1∑mCV2(Fm)−CV2(F¯)M−1∑mCV2(Fm). _2= M^-1 _mCV^2(F_m)-CV^2( F)M^-1 _mCV^2(F_m). When the denominator is positive, ρ2∈[0,1] _2∈[0,1]. A value near one means profiles differ strongly while their mean is relatively balanced. A value near zero means most imbalance remains in the mean profile. The value is undefined when every instance profile is uniform. ReBA can reduce image load through two routes. Tokens inside one image can spread across more experts. Different images can also use different profiles whose equal weight mean is balanced. A large ρ2 _2 alone does not imply good balance, so Table 2 reports ρ2 _2 with within image CV and mean profile load. The main paper measurements indicate both routes. Appendix C Additional Split Model Results C.1 Coefficient Protocol Section 5.2 of the main paper fixes one auxiliary coefficient for final comparisons. This subsection asks whether ReBA depends on one narrow coefficient choice. We test seven values of the global auxiliary coefficient λaux _aux. Each value defines a separate training run. The modality weights inside ReBA remain the realized image and text token fractions. Table S4 reports load on the fixed probe. Std-Aux mean layer CV ReBA mean layer CV Aux. coefficient λaux _aux Image Text Overall Image Text Overall 0.001 .604 .646 .523 .572 .623 .492 0.002 .586 .628 .468 .534 .588 .463 0.005 .550 .567 .421 .458 .564 .383 0.010 .547 .593 .375 .303 .442 .245 0.020 .537 .535 .339 .200 .362 .158 0.050 .519 .506 .321 .130 .204 .105 0.100 .447 .445 .273 .099 .110 .077 Table S4: Auxiliary coefficient results on the fixed 500 row routing probe. Rows are seven separate training runs defined by λaux _aux. Columns report image, text, and overall mean layer CV for Std-Aux and ReBA using true top k dispatch counts. Lower values are better. ReBA load decreases across the tested coefficient grid. The value 0.10.1 gives the lowest image, text, and overall load in this grid. The sweep does not show that 0.10.1 is optimal outside the tested values. C.2 Offline Fixed Probe Checkpoints and Hard and Soft Alignment The main paper reports load at the final checkpoint. This subsection asks whether lower ReBA load appears only at that checkpoint. Training time logs do not use a fixed evaluation set, so we evaluate matched saved checkpoints offline on the same 500-sample probe. Figure S2 reports image, text, and overall load at the evaluated checkpoint steps. Figure S2: Offline load evaluation across saved checkpoints on the fixed 500-sample probe. Each marker is one saved checkpoint evaluated on the same ordered probe with fixed preprocessing. Image values use the 466 image bearing rows. Text and overall values use the full 500 row probe. All values use true top k dispatched counts. Lines connect evaluated checkpoints and do not show online minibatch statistics. ReBA has lower image and text load at every evaluated checkpoint. Overall load shows a smaller absolute difference because image and text errors can cancel under Std-Aux. The checkpoint plot measures load. Table S5 separately tests the hard and soft alignment assumption used in Appendix B.2. The squared CV interpretation in Appendix B.2 assumes that hard and soft routing deviations point in similar directions. Table S5 measures this alignment on the fixed probe. For each layer and modality, we compute the cosine between Fr−uF^r-u and Pr−uP^r-u. Positive layers have a cosine above zero. Method Modality Median [IQR] Positive layers Std-Aux Image 0.969[0.938,0.982]0.969\ [0.938,0.982] 36/3636/36 Std-Aux Text 0.953[0.916,0.979]0.953\ [0.916,0.979] 36/3636/36 ReBA Image 0.770[0.380,0.886]0.770\ [0.380,0.886] 31/3631/36 ReBA Text 0.831[0.582,0.901]0.831\ [0.582,0.901] 29/3629/36 Table S5: Deviation alignment between hard and soft routing on the fixed 500 row probe. Rows identify each method and modality. Median and interquartile range (IQR) summarize layer cosines between Fr−uF^r-u and Pr−uP^r-u. Positive layers counts cosines above zero. Most layers have positive alignment for both methods and both modalities. ReBA has weaker alignment because several ReBA layers are close to uniform. Small deviation norms make directional cosine less stable. Table S5 supports an approximation rather than an identity at every trained layer. C.3 Expert Compute Proxy The main paper uses an idealized proxy to connect expert imbalance with potential expert parallel work. Appendix C.3 asks whether ReBA reduces the work assigned to the busiest expert at every physical setting. The proxy assumes one equally fast device per routed expert. The proxy assumes perfect placement and no overlap between MoE layers. The proxy counts expert work in dispatched tokens. The proxy excludes communication, kernel overhead, shared experts, and non MoE layers. Let l index the L MoE layers, and let e index the N routed experts. The count nl,en_l,e is the number of tokens dispatched to expert e at layer l. The busiest expert work summed across layers is Texpertproxy=∑l=1Lmaxenl,e.T_expert^proxy= _l=1^L _en_l,e. The idealized utilization is Uproxy=∑l=1L1N∑e=1Nnl,eTexpertproxy.U_proxy= _l=1^L 1N _e=1^Nn_l,eT_expert^proxy. We compare the Std-Aux and ReBA proxy totals with Sideal=TStd-AuxproxyTReBAproxy.S_ideal= T_Std -Aux^proxyT_ReBA^proxy. At one layer, the busiest expert determines idealized expert work. TexpertproxyT_expert^proxy adds bottleneck work across layers. UproxyU_proxy compares average work with bottleneck work. Perfect balance gives Uproxy=1U_proxy=1, while lower utilization implies more waiting. Sideal>1S_ideal>1 means ReBA has lower bottleneck work than Std-Aux. Sideal=1S_ideal=1 means equal proxy totals, and Sideal<1S_ideal<1 means higher ReBA proxy work. Std-Aux and ReBA process the same paired requests with the same top k. Their total dispatched token counts therefore match, so Sideal=UReBA/UStd-AuxS_ideal=U_ReBA/U_Std -Aux up to numerical precision. For example, counts [25,25,25,25][25,25,25,25] process 100 tokens with busiest count 25 and utilization one. Counts [55,15,15,15][55,15,15,15] process the same total with busiest count 55 and utilization 25/55=0.45525/55=0.455. The second routing creates more idealized waiting. Table S6 applies the proxy to the same 466 paired requests used by the physical Qwen and InternVL sweeps. Each row is one pixel budget or tile count. UStd-AuxU_Std -Aux and UReBAU_ReBA report utilization, while SidealS_ideal reports the proxy total ratio. Setting UStd-AuxU_Std -Aux UReBAU_ReBA SidealS_ideal Paired 95% interval Split-Qwen3VL-4B 200,704200,704 px 0.930 0.914 0.983 [0.973, 0.998] 401,408401,408 px 0.815 0.938 1.151 [1.133, 1.167] 802,816802,816 px 0.740 0.912 1.233 [1.222, 1.245] 1,204,2241,204,224 px 0.712 0.888 1.247 [1.236, 1.257] 1,605,6321,605,632 px 0.698 0.871 1.248 [1.238, 1.257] Split-InternVL3-8B 1 tile 0.809 0.846 1.046 [1.043, 1.049] 3 tiles 0.810 0.864 1.066 [1.061, 1.071] 6 tiles 0.883 0.948 1.074 [1.069, 1.078] 12 tiles 0.914 0.966 1.057 [1.053, 1.060] Table S6: Idealized expert compute proxy across physical shifts on 466 paired requests. Rows identify Qwen pixel budgets and InternVL tile counts. Columns report idealized expert utilization for Std-Aux and ReBA, ideal speedup, and its paired bootstrap interval. Higher utilization is better. Sideal=TStd-Auxproxy/TReBAproxyS_ideal=T_Std -Aux^proxy/T_ReBA^proxy. Values above one indicate lower maximum dispatched token work under ReBA. The interval uses 1,0001,000 paired bootstrap resamples over 466 requests. The proxy is not latency or throughput. The paired interval uses 1,000 bootstrap resamples of the 466 requests. Each resample uses the same request IDs for Std-Aux and ReBA. The interval summarizes SidealS_ideal, not measured latency. ReBA gives no proxy speedup at the lowest Qwen setting because Std-Aux is already near its best ratio. ReBA gives 1.231.23 to 1.251.25 times ideal speedup at the three largest Qwen settings. InternVL gains are smaller and remain above one at every tile count. Lower imbalance therefore reduces bottleneck token work under the proxy assumptions. The proxy is not a latency or throughput measurement. Real execution also depends on communication, expert placement, kernels, shared experts, and non MoE layers. Table S6 supports a potential expert compute benefit rather than an end to end speedup. Appendix D Workload Shift Results D.1 Fixed Profile Load Curves Section 5.5 of the main paper compares controlled and physical workload shifts. Appendix D.1 asks how their complete load ranges differ. Panel (a) isolates composition under fixed profiles. Panel (b) reports physical forwards that may also change the profiles. In Table S7, Min and Worst are the lowest and highest RMS CV on each domain. Range is Worst minus Min. AUC is average RMS CV over the stated fraction interval. The scalar κ is fixed profile curvature. (a) Controlled recomposition Method Min Worst AUC κ Split-Qwen3VL-4B Std-Aux .0687 .3695 .1998 .8205 Coupled-ImgInst .1034 .5842 .2939 .6390 Decoupled-Matched .1305 .4510 .2790 .2188 ReBA-TextInst .1011 .1350 .1102 .0265 ReBA .0702 .1067 .0811 .0306 Split-InternVL3-8B Std-Aux .1917 .4152 .2585 .5160 ReBA .1444 .2331 .1692 .1059 (b) Real resolution / tiling sweeps Method Worst AUC Range Split-Qwen3VL-4B Std-Aux .3511 .2041 .2821 Coupled-ImgInst .2491 .1453 .1516 ReBA .1148 .0711 .0623 Split-InternVL3-8B Std-Aux .1949 .1626 .1082 Coupled-ImgInst .3004 .2022 .1763 ReBA .1444 .1024 .1128 Table S7: Load response to modality composition shifts. Panel (a) reports controlled recomposition, and panel (b) reports physical sweeps. Rows identify methods within each split backbone. Columns report domain summaries of aggregate RMS CV. Controlled recomposition uses a∈[0.1,0.9]a∈[0.1,0.9]. Physical sweeps use realized image token fractions. AUC is the normalized trapezoidal average on each stated domain. The domains represent different workloads. Lower is better for every reported metric. ReBA gives the lowest controlled worst load and AUC on both split backbones. ReBA also gives the lowest physical worst load for Qwen and InternVL. Controlled and physical AUC values use different domains and should not be compared as estimates of one deployment distribution. D.2 Qwen Physical Resolution Sweep Appendix D.2 asks whether the fixed profile curve describes the local structure of real Qwen resolution changes. The sweep changes the pixel budget and reruns the model. Table S8 compares each physical forward with the fixed profile prediction at the same observed image token fraction. Residual is physical RMS CV minus predicted RMS CV at that fraction. Method a Prediction Physical Residual Std-Aux 0.4885 0.0696 0.0690 −0.0006-0.0006 0.6654 0.1641 0.1813 +0.0172+0.0172 0.7965 0.2765 0.2836 +0.0071+0.0071 0.8543 0.3275 0.3274 −0.0001-0.0001 0.8868 0.3563 0.3511 −0.0052-0.0052 Coupled-ImgInst 0.4885 0.2840 0.2491 −0.0349-0.0349 0.6654 0.1607 0.1232 −0.0376-0.0376 0.7965 0.1050 0.0975 −0.0076-0.0076 0.8543 0.1071 0.1197 +0.0126+0.0126 0.8868 0.1166 0.1390 +0.0224+0.0224 ReBA 0.4885 0.0713 0.0755 +0.0042+0.0042 0.6654 0.0726 0.0526 −0.0201-0.0201 0.7965 0.0815 0.0765 −0.0050-0.0050 0.8543 0.0871 0.0985 +0.0115+0.0115 0.8868 0.0906 0.1148 +0.0243+0.0243 Table S8: Fixed profile predictions and physical Split-Qwen3VL-4B runs on 466 paired requests. Row groups identify methods, and rows identify observed image token fractions. Columns report predicted RMS CV, physical RMS CV, and their residual. Predictions use conditional profiles from the 1,003,5201,003,520-pixel fixed probe. Std-Aux has small prediction errors at all five settings. Coupled-ImgInst and ReBA show larger local residuals, but both methods preserve the broad predicted trend. The correspondence supports the local fixed profile structure. The correspondence does not prove that the conditional profiles remain unchanged. Prediction MAE, maximum error, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation are 0.006/0.017/0.998/1.0000.006/0.017/0.998/1.000 for Std-Aux, 0.023/0.038/0.947/0.9000.023/0.038/0.947/0.900 for Coupled-ImgInst, and 0.013/0.024/0.888/0.9000.013/0.024/0.888/0.900 for ReBA. Across all 15 pairs, MAE is 0.0140.014 and Pearson correlation is 0.9830.983. These statistics describe five points per method and are not treated as independent samples. Supplementary request tails. The main paper reports aggregate load. Table S9 adds a request level diagnostic for the same 466 paired requests. Each entry is a percentile over per request RMS CV values. Std-Aux ReBA Pixel budget p90 p95 p90 p95 200,704200,704 .406 .438 .351 .386 401,408401,408 .443 .462 .322 .367 802,816802,816 .469 .492 .310 .352 1,204,2241,204,224 .480 .499 .310 .349 1,605,6321,605,632 .485 .504 .319 .358 Table S9: Supplementary request level Qwen load tails on 466 paired requests. Rows identify physical pixel budgets. Columns report p90 and p95 over per request RMS CV values for Std-Aux and ReBA using true dispatch counts. ReBA lowers p95 at every tested Qwen resolution. The request level result supports the aggregate result, but the main paper does not use p90 or p95 as a primary metric. D.3 InternVL Tiling Sweep Appendix D.3 asks what happens when preprocessing changes both composition and conditional profiles. InternVL tiling changes token composition and visual routing profiles. Table S10 compares the one tile fixed profile prediction with each physical tiling forward. Method Tiles a Pred. Phys. Resid. Std-Aux 1 .6617 .1949 .1949 +.0000+.0000 3 .7840 .2279 .1844 −.0435-.0435 6 .9243 .2948 .1130 −.1818-.1818 12 .9461 .3068 .0868 −.2201-.2201 ReBA 1 .6617 .1444 .1444 +.0000+.0000 3 .7840 .1498 .1249 −.0248-.0248 6 .9243 .1677 .0437 −.1241-.1241 12 .9461 .1715 .0316 −.1398-.1398 Table S10: Fixed profile predictions and physical Split-InternVL3-8B runs on 466 paired requests. Row groups identify methods, and rows identify tile counts and measured image token fractions. Columns report predicted RMS CV, physical RMS CV, and their residual. Predictions use the one tile conditional profiles. The prediction error grows at six and twelve tiles. The large negative residuals show that profile change offsets the composition only prediction. ReBA still has lower physical load than Std-Aux at every tested tile count. The residual contains image change, text change, and their interaction. Appendix E tests the same distinction between composition and profile change on native MoEs. Appendix E Native MoE Diagnostics Appendix E asks whether the routing diagnosis also appears in native sparse backbones. The native experiments do not train ReBA. The experiments test conditional load gaps, fixed profile sensitivity, and physical profile change. E.1 Router and Probe Protocol The main paper uses native routing statistics to test the diagnosis beyond split models. Appendix E.1 asks which dispatch and preprocessing settings produce those statistics. Routed experts compete in top k selection. Shared experts run for every token and are excluded from routed load statistics. We probe Qwen3-VL-MoE-30B-A3B-Instruct with 48 MoE layers, 128 routed experts, and top 8 dispatch. We also probe Qwen3.5-MoE-35B-A3B with 40 MoE layers, 256 routed experts, and top 8 dispatch. Qwen3.5 provides selected indices directly. Qwen3-VL applies no index changing expert bias, so top 8 router logits recover its dispatch. Vision boundary, video, padding, and control tokens are excluded from text. The fresh protocol uses the same 64 Cambrian sample IDs at every setting. Low uses (min_pixels,max_pixels)=(65,536,200,704)( min\_pixels, max\_pixels)=(65,536,200,704). Source uses the default lower bound and max_pixels=1,003,520 max\_pixels=1,003,520. High fixes both bounds at 1,605,6321,605,632. The native physical sweep uses the same 64 paired samples at low, source, and high resolution. Let a be the aggregate image token fraction. Table S11 reports the resulting image and text token counts. Model Setting Image tokens Text tokens a 30B Low 11,844 10,978 .519 Source 17,751 10,978 .618 High 103,267 10,978 .904 35B Low 11,844 11,284 .512 Source 17,751 11,284 .611 High 103,267 11,284 .901 Table S11: Realized native physical sweep composition on 64 paired samples. Rows identify each native model and resolution setting. Columns report aggregate image and text token counts and their resulting image token fraction a. The text token count stays nearly fixed within each model. The image token count changes by almost one order of magnitude. The resulting image token fraction spans about 0.510.51 to 0.900.90. E.2 Source Image and Text Load Gap Section 3.4 of the main paper links composition sensitivity to conditional profile differences. Appendix E.2 asks whether native image and text profiles differ at the source setting. Table S12 reports image, text, and mixed load for both native models. Here N/kN/k gives routed expert count and selected experts per token. CVI, CVT, and CVmix are aggregate image, text, and mixed RMS CV. Cos. is median centered residual cosine. Neg. is the percentage of layers with negative cosine. G2G_2 is the RMS ℓ2 _2 conditional gap, and κ=NG22κ=NG_2^2 is fixed profile curvature. Effective I/TI/T gives median inverse Simpson expert counts for image and text. Model N/kN/k CVI CVT CVmix Cos. Neg. 30B 128/8128/8 .822 1.051 .632 −.075-.075 66.7% 35B 256/8256/8 .997 1.242 .820 +.108+.108 22.5% Model G2G_2 κ Effective I/TI/T 30B .121 1.865 76.3/61.3 35B .094 2.246 130.9/98.3 Table S12: Native source image and text load gap on the fresh 64 sample probe. Rows identify native models. Columns report routing size, image, text, and mixed aggregate RMS CV, orientation statistics, conditional gap, curvature, and median effective expert counts. Both native models have large image and text load. The mixed load is smaller than either conditional load. The two models differ in orientation, so large fixed profile sensitivity does not require strong negative alignment. Table S12 separates conditional magnitude from orientation. E.3 Magnitude and Orientation Decomposition Appendix E.2 reports both conditional magnitude and orientation. Appendix E.3 asks how those quantities combine into sensitivity. Let θl _l be the angle between image and text residuals at layer l. The law of cosines gives κl=CVI,l2+CVT,l2−2CVI,lCVT,lcosθl. _l=CV_I,l^2+CV_T,l^2-2CV_I,lCV_T,l _l. The conditional magnitude is CVI,l2+CVT,l2CV_I,l^2+CV_T,l^2. The signed orientation is −2CVI,lCVT,lcosθl-2CV_I,lCV_T,l _l. Their sum is layer curvature κl _l. Negative cosine increases the gap, while positive cosine reduces it. Large conditional magnitudes can still yield high sensitivity when cosine is positive. The mean conditional magnitude and orientation terms are 1.7801.780 and +0.084+0.084 for 30B, giving κ=1.865κ=1.865. Orientation contributes only 4.5%4.5\%. The 35B terms are 2.5362.536 and −0.290-0.290, giving κ=2.246κ=2.246. Mild alignment reduces sensitivity, but the conditional magnitudes remain large. The layerwise identity separates sensitivity into conditional magnitude and signed orientation. Figure S3 shows both terms at each native MoE layer. Figure S3: Native sensitivity is dominated by conditional magnitude. Conditional magnitude is CVI,l2+CVT,l2CV_I,l^2+CV_T,l^2. Signed orientation is −2CVI,lCVT,lcosθl-2CV_I,lCV_T,l _l. Their sum is the exact total κl _l. Conditional magnitude is the larger term in both models. Orientation changes the total sensitivity, but orientation alone does not determine sensitivity. E.4 Finite Count Null Appendix E.4 asks whether finite token counts alone explain observed native load. Finite counts create nonzero variation under uniform routing. Table S13 compares the observed native load with a count matched uniform routing null. Each simulated token selects k distinct experts uniformly. Every trial preserves token count, expert count, top k, and layer count. Model Profile Observed Null mean Ratio 30B Image .822 .0291 28.3 Text 1.051 .0370 28.4 Mixed .632 .0229 27.7 35B Image .997 .0418 23.8 Text 1.242 .0524 23.7 Mixed .820 .0327 25.1 Table S13: Finite count null on the fresh 64 sample native probe. Rows identify each model and conditional or mixed profile. Columns report observed RMS CV, the mean across 10,000 count matched uniform routing trials, and their ratio. Trials preserve token counts, N, top k, and layer counts. Every observed load exceeds the null mean by more than 23 times. No simulated trial reaches an observed value. The conclusion applies to this count matched uniform routing null. E.5 Fixed Profile Load Curves Appendix E.5 asks how composition changes load when native source profiles stay fixed. Figure S4 varies a while holding those profiles fixed. Figure S4: Both native checkpoints have curved fixed profile load curves. Source conditional profiles are held fixed while composition changes. The vertical axis is aggregate RMS CV from true top 8 counts. Lower is better. Charcoal solid denotes 30B and green dashed denotes 35B; filled markers show the observed source ratios. Colors distinguish models in this panel. Both native checkpoints have curved fixed profile load functions. The figure measures composition sensitivity only and does not predict physical resolution changes. E.6 Physical Resolution Sweep and Profile Drift Appendix E.6 asks whether physical resolution follows the fixed profile prediction. Resolution can change both composition and conditional profiles. Table S14 compares predictions with physical forwards on the same 64 samples. Pred. evaluates fixed source profiles at measured a. Phys. is the actual forward, and Resid. is Phys. minus Pred. The 95% confidence interval (CI) is a paired bootstrap interval for physical RMS CV. Qwen3-VL-MoE-30B Setting a Pred. Phys. Resid. Phys. 95% CI Low .519 .645 .645 −.001-.001 [.622, .695] Source .618 .632 .632 .000.000 [.613, .674] High .904 .745 .655 −.089-.089 [.641, .679] Qwen3.5-MoE-35B Setting a Pred. Phys. Resid. Phys. 95% CI Low .512 .837 .865 +.028+.028 [.853, .913] Source .611 .820 .820 .000.000 [.808, .862] High .901 .921 .718 −.203-.203 [.709, .741] Table S14: Fixed profile predictions and physical native model runs on 64 paired samples. Row groups identify models, and rows identify resolution settings. Columns report image token fraction, predicted and physical RMS CV, their residual, and paired bootstrap intervals for physical RMS CV. The 30B physical curve is flatter than its fixed profile prediction. The 35B physical curve reverses the predicted increase at high resolution. Figure S5 visualizes the same comparison with paired bootstrap intervals. Figure S5: Physical resolution changes composition and profiles. Gray dashed hollow curves keep source profiles fixed. Green solid filled curves are physical forwards. Error bars are paired bootstrap 95% intervals over the 64 shared samples. The 30B local load curve becomes flatter. Conditional profile change reverses the 35B prediction. The 30B physical curve becomes flatter. The 35B physical curve reverses the composition only trend. Conditional profile change is therefore material in the native physical sweep. Appendix E.7 identifies the exact drift terms. E.7 Exact Profile Drift and Expert Preference Appendix E.6 finds departures from fixed profile predictions. Appendix E.7 asks which exact term explains those departures. Equation (S18) separates squared physical load into fixed profile load, drift magnitude, and interaction. In Table S15, RpredR_ pred is squared fixed profile RMS CV and RphysR_ phys is squared physical RMS CV. D is squared profile change magnitude, and 2Cint2C_ int is its interaction with the predicted residual. Cos. (p,r)(p,r) is the cosine between predicted and profile change residuals. DID_I and DTD_T are modality specific squared drift terms. Error is the numerical residual of the exact identity. Model Setting RpredR_ pred D 2Cint2C_ int RphysR_ phys Cos. (p,r)(p,r) 30B Low .4165 .0044 −.0054-.0054 .4156 −.062-.062 High .5548 .1899 −.3151-.3151 .4295 −.485-.485 35B Low .7002 .0109 +.0374+.0374 .7485 +.214+.214 High .8478 .1769 −.5095-.5095 .5152 −.658-.658 Model Setting DID_I DTD_T Error 30B Low .0041 .0003 0.00.0 High .1897 .0000 5.6×10−175.6×10^-17 35B Low .0099 .0009 0.00.0 High .1757 .0001 1.1×10−161.1×10^-16 Table S15: Exact native squared CV decomposition on 64 paired samples. Rows identify models and non source settings. Columns report fixed profile load, drift magnitude, interaction, physical load, residual orientation, modality specific drift, and numerical identity error. The interaction is negative at both high resolution settings. The negative interaction flattens the 30B prediction and reverses the 35B prediction. Image profile change accounts for most measured drift magnitude. Figure S6 asks how drift magnitude and interaction combine with fixed profile load at each non source setting. Figure S6: Conditional profile change can flatten or reverse composition only predictions. The legend separates fixed profile prediction, drift, interaction, and physical load. The interaction sign determines reinforcement, flattening, or reversal. The negative interaction term explains why profile change can reduce physical load even when composition only load rises. Expert preference. The main paper also asks whether native experts show modality preference. Figure S7 measures each expert’s normalized image to text dispatch ratio on the earlier probe. Let fimg,ef_img,e be expert e’s normalized image dispatch share. Let ftxt,ef_txt,e be its normalized text dispatch share. A positive log2(fimg,e/ftxt,e) _2(f_img,e/f_txt,e) means image preference, while a negative value means text preference. Absolute log ratio above one means more than twofold preference. In the 30B model, 67 of 128 experts receive more than twice as much dispatch from one modality as from the other. This count is 52% of the routed experts. In the 35B model, 156 of 256 experts satisfy the same rule. This count is 61%. Figure S7 shows the sorted expert ratios. Figure S7: Native experts show modality preference in the earlier 500 row probe. Signed log2(fimg,e/ftxt,e) _2(f_img,e/f_txt,e) compares normalized image and text dispatch shares for expert e. Color marks an absolute log ratio above one. Counts are 67 of 128 for 30B and 156 of 256 for 35B. The result supports modality specialization, not universal complementarity. The expert level evidence supports modality specialization in both native routers. The evidence does not establish universal strong complementarity. E.8 Earlier 500 Row Probe with Different Preprocessing Appendix E.8 asks whether the source gap pattern also appears in an earlier 500 row probe. This probe uses 500 rows that contain text. Its preprocessing differs from the fresh 64 sample protocol. Table S16 reports its source profile statistics as a qualitative replication. Model RMS CVI RMS CVT Cos. κ G2G_2 30B .696 .887 −.192-.192 1.505 .294 35B .778 1.079 +.091+.091 1.539 .314 Table S16: Earlier native 500 row probe under its original preprocessing. Rows identify native models. Columns report conditional RMS CV, median centered residual cosine, fixed profile curvature, and RMS ℓ2 _2 conditional gap. Values are not pooled with the fresh 64 sample results. The earlier probe reproduces the orientation difference and nonzero conditional gaps. The earlier and fresh protocols use different preprocessing, so their values and CIs should not be pooled. The native results support the routing diagnosis and the fixed profile boundary. The native results do not test ReBA training on native MoEs.